دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 15 2 2025 06 22 Explaining and Analyzing the Effect of Brand Value Components on Medical Tourism Development: A Case Study of Ahvaz Metropolis تبیین و تحلیل اثر مؤلفههای ارزش ویژۀ برند بر توسعۀ گردشگری پزشکی (مطالعۀ موردی: کلانشهر اهواز) 1 34 29384 10.22108/sppl.2025.142383.1803 FA مجید گودرزی دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران Journal Article 2024 08 12 Abstract Destinations are locations that individuals choose for specific experiences influenced by their perceptions of unique attractions. Consequently, it is feasible to create a brand for these destinations using strategic programming methods. When tourists are faced with a choice between a branded destination and its competitors, they tend to favor the branded option due to its stronger positioning in their minds. In contemporary times, the focus has shifted from merely enhancing hard infrastructure to emphasizing soft infrastructure in urban planning, such as fostering a positive mental image and developing a strong brand for the city. This study aimed to explain and analyze the impact of brand value components on the development of medical tourism in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method, the findings revealed several critical insights. To assess the model's fit, we employed various indices, including chi-square per degree of freedom (CMIN/DF), Root Mean Square Error (RMSEA), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) as outlined by Gaskin and Lim (2016). The results confirmed all indices: CMIN/DF = 2.964, RMSEA = 0.072, SRMR = 0.074, and CFI = 0.927. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the observed mean of brand equity in medical tourism development and the components of perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness compared to the hypothetical mean (3) (p = 0.001). The observed mean for these components exceeded the hypothesized mean, indicating that brand equity in the context of medical tourism development, along with the components of perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness, were all in a favorable condition. Keywords: Brand Value, Medical Tourism, Structural Equations, Ahvaz Metropolis. Introduction The burgeoning medical tourism industry presents significant opportunities for enhancing local healthcare systems and fostering economic partnerships. By capitalizing on the influx of foreign tourists, this sector can drive sustainable growth and development. Many countries are increasingly focused on medical tourism due to its low operational costs and high revenue potential, prompting numerous developing nations to implement ambitious plans for industry expansion. Despite the advantages associated with medical tourism, establishing a competitive position and securing a meaningful market share in this sector can be challenging as several critical factors influence its development. Although medical tourism is a multi-billion-dollar industry that offers international business opportunities in many developing countries, statistics indicate that Iran's earnings from this sector remain modest in comparison to global revenues, despite the country’s considerable capabilities. Destinations are chosen by individuals for specific experiences based on their perceptions of unique attractions. Thus, it is feasible to create a brand for these destinations using strategic programming methods. When selecting between a branded destination and its competitors, tourists are more likely to favor the branded option due to its stronger presence in their minds. The focus has shifted from merely enhancing hard infrastructure to emphasizing soft infrastructure in urban planning, which includes cultivating a positive mental image and developing a compelling brand for the city. Materials & Methods This applied study utilized a descriptive-analytical research method combined with a quantitative-qualitative research design for data collection and analysis. The qualitative component involved content analysis of the literature and unstructured interviews with experts to identify the key factors contributing to the unique value of the medical tourism brand. The quantitative aspect was assessed through a questionnaire designed to evaluate the status of each identified indicator in the study area. The statistical population consisted of medical tourists in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Data collection was conducted through both documentary and field study methods. Library research included a review of books, theses, articles, and domestic and international websites. The field study involved interviews and questionnaires, which were formatted using a Likert scale. According to Klein's (1990) theory, a minimum sample size of 200 is recommended for structural equation modeling, while at least 100 completed questionnaires are deemed sufficient for descriptive survey research. To enhance the accuracy of this research, a sample of 220 participants was targeted and the questionnaires were completed by medical tourists visiting Ahvaz. After coding the data, analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24, both of which were part of structural equation modeling software. Research Findings To evaluate the model’s fit, we employed chi-square per degree of freedom (CMIN/DF), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI), following the guidelines of Gaskin and Lim (2016). In the first-order confirmatory factor analysis, the results confirmed all indices: CMIN/DF = 2.813, RMSEA = 0.069, SRMR = 0.044, and CFI = 0.93. The findings from the second-order confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the factor loadings for all components exceeded 0.5, indicating appropriateness of the factor loadings for perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness. Additionally, the results indicated that brand image, perceived quality, brand identity, brand awareness, and brand loyalty exhibited the highest factor loadings among the components related to medical tourism development and brand value. To further assess the model’s fit, we again utilized CMIN/DF, RMSE, SRMR, and CFI as outlined by Gaskin and Lim (2016). The second-order confirmatory factor analysis yielded indices of CMIN/DF = 2.964, RMSEA = 0.072, SRMR = 0.074, and CFI = 0.927, all of which were confirmed. Finally, the results of the T-test demonstrated that the sample mean for all components was significantly higher than the mean of the null hypothesis. This confirmed that the brand equity of medical tourism development, along with the components of perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness, was in a favorable condition. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The primary aim of this research was to explain and analyze the impact of brand equity components on the development of medical tourism in the metropolis of Ahvaz. In the initial phase, we gathered extensive information from various sources and expert opinions, which guided establishment of the final research criteria. 5 key indicators were identified as essential components of brand equity: brand awareness, brand identity, perceived quality, brand image, and brand loyalty. In the subsequent phase, we analyzed the interrelationships among these indicators and their collective influence on the development of medical tourism. To achieve this, the collected data were coded and entered into the SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24 software, both of which are designed for structural equation modeling. The results from the first-order confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the composite reliability values and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for all components—perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness—were satisfactory, confirming both reliability and convergent construct validity. Furthermore, the AVE values for these components exceeded the Maximum Shared Variance (MSV) and Average Shared Variance (ASV) values, which supported the divergent validity of the constructs. Additionally, the factor loadings for all items were above 0.7, indicating that the factor loadings for the indicators of perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness were appropriate and robust. The CMIN/DF, RMSE, SRMR, and CFI indices were utilized to evaluate the model’s fit, following the methodology of Gaskin and Lim (2016). All indices were confirmed to be satisfactory. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the observed mean of brand equity in medical tourism development and the components of perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness compared to the hypothetical mean. The observed means for brand equity and its components—perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness—were all higher than the hypothesized mean. Consequently, we could conclude that brand equity in medical tourism development, along with the components of perceived quality, brand identity, brand image, brand loyalty, and brand awareness, was in a favorable condition. The confirmed indices were as follows: CMIN/DF = 2.964, RMSEA = 0.072, SRMR = 0.074, and CFI = 0.927. Furthermore, the significance level of the difference between the observed mean and the hypothetical mean (3) was established at p = 0.001. از آنجایی‌ که مقصدها مکان‌هایی است که مردم آنها را برای تجربه‌ای خاص و بر‌‌اساس درکی که از خصیصۀ خاصی از جاذبه حاصل ‌شده است، برای اقامت و سفر انتخاب می‌کنند، می‌توان با استفاده از روش‌های برنامه‌ریزی برای آنها یک برند ایجاد کرد. بدین ترتیب، گردشگران در هنگام انتخاب بین مقصدی که به برند تبدیل‌ شده است و رقبای آن به‌دلیل جایگاه بهتری که برند در ذهن‌ها دارد، مقصد دارای برند را ترجیح دهند. اینگونه است که امروز توجه صرف به زیرساخت‌های سخت از بین رفته و تمرکزی چشمگیر به زیرساخت‌های نرم، طرح‌ریزی شهری نظیر طرح‌ریزی یک تصویر ذهنی خوب یا ساخت یک برند برای شهر در‌حال شکل‌گیری است. به همین منظور، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین و تحلیل اثر مؤلفه‌های ارزش ویژۀ برند بر توسعۀ گردشگری پزشکی در کلانشهر اهواز تدوین شده است. این پژوهش به‌لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از‌نظر ماهیت و روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. طبق یافته‌های پژوهش در راستای بررسی برازش مدل از شاخص‌های کای دو بر درجۀ آزادی، ریشۀ میانگین مربعات خطای برآورد، ریشۀ میانگین مربعات باقیماندۀ استانداردشده و شاخص برازش تطبیقی استفاده شد. در این مطالعه تمامی شاخص‌های 964/2CMIN/DF =، 072/0 RMSEA =، 074/0 SRMR = و 927/0 CFI = تأیید شد. همچنین، بین میانگین مشاهده‌شدۀ متغیر ارزش ویژۀ برند توسعۀ گردشگری پزشکی و مؤلفه‌های کیفیت ادراک‌شده، هویت برند، تصویر برند، وفاداری به برند و آگاهی از برند با میانگین فرضی (عدد 3) تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (001/0sig = ). همچنین، میانگین مشاهده‌شدۀ متغیر ارزش ویژۀ برند توسعۀ گردشگری پزشکی و مؤلفه‌های کیفیت ادراک‌شده، هویت برند، تصویر برند، وفاداری به برند و آگاهی از برند از میانگین فرضی بیشتر است؛ درنتیجه می‌توان گفت که متغیر ارزش ویژۀ برند توسعۀ گردشگری پزشکی و مؤلفه‌های کیفیت ادراک‌شده، هویت برند، تصویر برند، وفاداری به برند و آگاهی برند وضعیت مطلوبی دارد.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_29384_21fc2e344238f802bb4565a4c64f7110.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 15 2 2025 06 22 Evaluating the Effects of Mitigating Urban Heat Islands of Green Infrastructure on Increasing the Productivity of Light and Heavy Work (Case Study: Tabriz Metropolitan) ارزیابی تأثیرات کاهش جزایر حرارتی شهری زیرساخت‌های سبز بر افزایش بهره‌وری کارهای سبک و سنگین: مطالعۀ موردی: کلانشهر تبریز* 35 70 29467 10.22108/sppl.2025.142015.1797 FA مهدی هریسچیان دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران حسن محمودزاده استاد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران رسول قربانی استاد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2024 08 16 Abstract Urban heat islands have significant adverse effects on the environment, human health and well-being, and productivity of both light and heavy industries. Reduced productivity and labor capacity can lead to numerous negative economic consequences worldwide. Meanwhile, urban green infrastructure increasingly plays a vital role in mitigating urban heat islands, thereby enhancing citizens' quality of life, improving health and thermal comfort, and boosting labor productivity. This research examined the role of urban green infrastructure in the metropolitan area of Tabriz in alleviating the effects of urban heat islands and increasing productivity in both light and heavy work sectors. Data from Landsat satellite images from 1984, 2002, and 2022, along with land use/land cover information, meteorological data, and biophysical tables, were utilized for this study. The analysis employed Geographic Information System (GIS) and the urban cooling model of InVEST software. The results indicated that in 1984, Lost productivity for heavy work in Tabriz was distributed as follows: 14.15% in the 0% class, 3.53% in the 25% class, 58.25% in the 50% class, and 24.06% in the 75% class. By 2002, the figures shifted to 1.89% in the 0% class, 66.61% in the 25% class, and 31.49% in the 50% class. In 2022, lost productivity in heavy work productivity was reported as 0.24% in the 25% class, 51.29% in the 50% class, and 48.46% in the 75% class. Furthermore, in 1984, Tabriz experienced lost productivity for light work of 76.10% in the 0% class and 23.89% in the 75% class. By 2002, no districts in Tabriz reported lost productivity in light work. However, in 2022, lost productivity was recorded at 51.54%, 20.72%, 22.68%, and 5.05% for the 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% classes, respectively. Keywords: Urban Heat Islands, Green Infrastructure, Productivity of Light and Heavy Work, Tabriz Metropolitan. Introduction Urban heat stress increasingly contributes to reduced productivity in both light and heavy industries, leading to significant economic losses. In contrast, urban green infrastructure plays a crucial role in enhancing citizens' quality of life, well-being, health, and thermal comfort, while also boosting productivity across various sectors. Tabriz, one of Iran's megacities, has undergone rapid urbanization and growth in recent decades. The challenges posed by urban heat islands, air pollution, and elevated temperatures threaten the city's viability. Consequently, the issue of urban heat island effects has become a pressing concern for this metropolitan area. This research explored the mitigating role of urban green infrastructure in Tabriz and its impact on enhancing productivity in light and heavy work sectors. Materials & Methods This research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology with a developmental-applicative focus. Data were collected through a combination of library resources, documentary evidence, electronic sources, surveys, and field observations. The study utilized the urban cooling model from the InVEST 3.12.0 software package, which calculated the mitigation of urban heat islands by considering factors, such as shading, evapotranspiration, albedo, and proximity to cooling islands like parks. In this model, vegetation cover served as a key parameter for estimating heat island mitigation. Ultimately, the model assessed the service value of heat island mitigation using two evaluation methods: energy consumption (potential energy reduction) and labor productivity (light and heavy work). The ecosystem service value of mitigating heat islands in the green infrastructure of Tabriz was calculated based on lost productivity in light and heavy work sectors. The primary inputs for the model included a land use/land cover raster map, a reference evapotranspiration (ET0) raster map, a biophysical table containing details about each land use/land cover class, a vector map of city buildings, and an energy consumption rate table categorized by building type and air temperature. Data from Landsat satellite images for the years 1984, 2002, and 2022, along with land use/land cover information, meteorological data, a biophysical table, and a detailed plan from the 2016 Tabriz municipality, were utilized. The analysis was conducted using GIS and the urban cooling model of InVEST. Landsat 5 satellite images were used for 1984 and 2002, while those of Landsat 8 were used for 2022. The land use/land cover map of the metropolitan area of Tabriz was prepared using ENVI 5.8 software and the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) technique, resulting in a map categorized into 9 classes: high residential density, medium residential density, low residential density, open space, barren land, agricultural land, garden land, and pasture with a pixel resolution of 30 m. To prepare the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) map, the standard ASCE Penman-Monteith method—provided by the American Society of Civil Engineers—was employed. The biophysical table included essential information about each land use/land cover class, such as: Shadow Effect: Ranging from 0 to 1, this value relates to tree cover, specifically for trees exceeding 2 meters in height. Kc (Evaporation and Transpiration Coefficient): This coefficient reflects the relative evaporation and transpiration of each plant and soil type compared to the reference value, with values also ranging from 0 to 1. These values were sourced from the InVEST software manual for various land uses in this research. Albedo: This value, which ranges from 0 to 1, indicates the proportion of sunlight that each land use/land cover class reflects directly. Data regarding the impact of large green spaces on non-agricultural vegetation in artificial lands were also collected, with this effect quantified between 0 and 1. In terms of urban heat island intensity for the metropolitan area of Tabriz, the recorded temperature differences during the summer season were as follows: 3.2°C in 1984, 4.2°C in 2002, and 5.2°C in 2022. The reference temperatures for the village in those years were 28.1°C, 27.2°C, and 29.2°C, respectively. The maximum distance for air temperature mixing in Tabriz was set at 500 m, while the maximum distance to locate a large-scale green space (2 hectares or more) was established at 450 m. Research Findings The results revealed that in 1984, the metropolitan area of Tabriz had the productivity levels of 14.15%, 3.53%, 58.25%, and 24.06% across the 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% classes, respectively. In 2002, these levels changed to 1.89% for the 0% class, 66.61% for the 25% class, and 31.49% for the 50% class. By 2022, productivity in the 25%, 50%, and 75% classes was recorded at 0.24%, 51.29%, and 48.46%, respectively. Regarding lost productivity in light work, Tabriz experienced losses of 76.10% in the 0% class and 23.89% in the 75% class in 1984. However, in 2002, all districts of Tabriz reported a 0% loss in productivity for light work as their Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) was below 31.5°C. In 2022, the losses in productivity for light work were 51.54%, 20.72%, 22.68%, and 5.05% in the 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% classes, respectively. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results indicated that agricultural land and green spaces played a crucial role in reducing Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), mitigating urban heat islands and consequently minimizing productivity losses in both light and heavy labor across the metropolitan area of Tabriz. In 1984, regions of Tabriz with agricultural use, green spaces, and low residential density exhibited the lowest WBGT levels, resulting in minimal productivity losses for both light and heavy work. Conversely, areas characterized by barren land and higher residential density experienced elevated WBGT levels, leading to greater productivity losses. By 2002, regions with increased agricultural land and green spaces continued to show the lowest WBGT levels, while areas with barren land and higher residential density recorded the highest WBGT and subsequent productivity losses. In 2022, the pattern remained consistent: areas rich in agricultural land, green spaces, open areas, and low residential density exhibited the lowest WBGT and the most effective mitigation of urban heat islands, resulting in the least productivity loss for light and heavy work. In contrast, regions dominated by barren land and higher residential density faced the highest WBGT levels, the least effective urban heat island mitigation, and the greatest productivity losses. جزایر حرارتی شهری آثار زیانباری بر محیط زیست، سلامت و رفاه انسانی و بهره‌وری کارهای سبک و سنگین دارد. کاهش بهره‌وری و ظرفیت نیروی کار نیز آثار منفی اقتصادی زیادی به دنبال دارد. در این بین، زیرساخت‌های سبز شهری بر کاهش جزایر حرارتی شهری و به‌تبع آن بر افزایش کیفیت زندگی شهروندان، افزایش میزان سلامت، آسایش حرارتی شهروندان و افزایش میزان بهره‌وری کار تأثیر فزآینده‌ای دارد؛ از این رو محققان در پژوهش حاضر به نقش کاهشی جزایر حرارتی شهری زیرساخت‌های سبز کلانشهر تبریز در افزایش بهره‌وری کارهای سبک و سنگین پرداخته‌اند. در این پژوهش از داده‌های مرتبط با تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست (مربوط به سه دورۀ زمانی 1363، 1381 و 1401)، کاربری اراضی/ پوشش اراضی، داده‌های هواشناسی و جدول بیوفیزیکال استفاده شده است. همچنین در این پژوهش داده‌ها با استفاده از GIS و مدل سرمایش شهری نرم‌افزار InVEST تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل شده است. نتایج نشان داد که کلانشهر تبریز در سال 1363 در کلاس‌های 0، 25، 50 و 75 درصد به‌ترتیب 15/14، 53/3، 25/58 و 06/24 درصد، در سال 1381 در کلاس‌های 0، 25 و 50 درصد به‌ترتیب 89/1، 61/66 و 49/31 درصد و در سال 1401 در کلاس‌های 25، 50 و 75 درصد به‌ترتیب 24/0، 29/51 و 46/48 درصد از بهره‌وری خود را در کارهای سنگین از‌دست داده است. همچنین، کلانشهر تبریز در سال 1363 در بهره‌وری از دست رفته برای کارهای سبک در کلاس‌های 0 و 75 درصد به‌ترتیب 10/76 و 89/23 درصد از بهره‌وری خود را در کارهای سبک از دست داده و در سال 1381 تنها کلاس صفر درصد داشته است. به عبارت دیگر، تبریز در این سال در کارهای سبک هیچ‌گونه بهره‌وری را از دست نداده است. کلانشهر تبریز در سال 1401 نیز در کلاس‌های 0، 25، 50 و 75 درصد به‌ترتیب 54/51، 72/20، 68/22 و 05/5 درصد از بهره‌وری خود را در کارهای سبک از دست داده است.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_29467_4187d67e6543cdb49a55909913ed84c0.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 15 2 2025 06 22 Application of Jane Jacobs’ Theory in the Analysis of the Borders of Territory Monitoring in Urban Spaces from Citizens’ Points of View in Bandar Abbas کاربست تئوری جینجیکوب در تحلیل مرزهای پایش قلمرو در فضاهای شهری ازدیدگاه شهروندان بندرعباس 71 94 29391 10.22108/sppl.2025.142888.1808 FA امیرحمزه شهبازی استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، ایران اسماعیل ذاکری مینابی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، ایران علیرضا شهبازی استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران Journal Article 2024 10 20 Abstract This research explored the social and cultural dimensions of monitoring urban spaces with a particular focus on the mental approaches and behavioral patterns of citizens in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Upon utilizing a descriptive and analytical methodology, data were collected through surveys from a diverse population aged 15 years and older, employing a 2-stage random sampling method involving 385 respondents. The findings revealed significant variations in how citizens perceived their monitoring territories influenced by factors, such as literacy, gender, age, and residency history. While Jane Jacobs highlighted the importance of physical presence in promoting urban safety, this study suggested that the desire to monitor public spaces was shaped by a range of social, economic, and psychological factors. The research underscored the complexity of urban surveillance, indicating that effective monitoring extended beyond spatial design to encompass the diverse experiences and backgrounds of citizens. Recommendations included adopting a pathological approach to analyze norm-breaking behaviors and enhance community engagement in urban safety initiatives. Keywords: Urban Spaces, Social Interaction, Monitoring, Behavioral Patterns, Cultural Beliefs, Bandar Abbas, Jane Jacobs, Public Safety, Citizen Engagement, Survey Methodology. Introduction Social interaction in urban spaces serves as the foundation of community life and understanding the mechanisms of monitoring within these environments is a key focus of contemporary research. This issue can be examined from at least two perspectives: Physical and Spatial Perspective: This viewpoint emphasizes urban design requirements and the physical characteristics of spaces. Social and Cultural Perspective: This approach considers the mental frameworks, cultural beliefs, and behavioral patterns of citizens. The current research specifically targeted the second perspective, aiming to evaluate monitoring and surveillance in urban spaces through the lens of citizens' cultural beliefs and mental approaches. The study sought to identify and analyze the mental boundaries and functional areas of monitoring that manifested in citizens' behavioral patterns. Furthermore, it aimed to explain the social, economic, and spatial factors that influenced these mental approaches and defined the boundaries and functional territories of urban monitoring. According to Jane Jacobs, when people are actively present in public spaces and engage with one another, security and social order emerge naturally. Vibrant streets come alive and become dynamic and safe through the presence of vendors, residents, and pedestrians. Jacobs argued that the concept of "eyes on the street"—the watchful gaze and presence of people in public spaces—serves as one of the most effective tools for enhancing urban security. Thus, from her perspective, urban safety cannot rely solely on police presence or formal monitoring tools. Instead, the diversity of land use and a high level of pedestrian activity, which facilitate informal natural monitoring, are crucial features for ensuring the safety of neighborhoods. Materials & Methods This research employed a practical, descriptive, and analytical methodology for data collection, utilizing a survey method with a custom-designed questionnaire. The target population consisted of citizens of Bandar Abbas aged 15 years and older, who were selected through a 2-stage random sampling technique, resulting in a sample size of 385 respondents. To analyze the research data, non-parametric statistical inference models were utilized. Bandar Abbas, the capital of Hormozgan Province and the largest port city in Iran, has a diverse social, administrative, economic, and national profile. The city exhibits a heterogeneous and multicultural context characterized by both modern influences and traditional customs that have persisted over time. This duality reflects the city's remarkable stability, akin to that of other major port cities worldwide. According to the 2015 census conducted by the Iran’s Statistics Center, Bandar Abbas has a population of approximately 526,000 people, including various ethnic groups, such as the Baloch, native Hormozgani minorities, and many Afghan immigrants. The research revealed a complex and significant blend of citizens' attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral patterns, which defined the boundaries of their surveillance territory. Figure 2 illustrates the schematic location of the city within the province and the country. Research Findings The findings of this research provided crucial insights into how citizens of Bandar Abbas perceived and engaged in monitoring urban spaces: Territorial Perception: Urban Spaces: 46% of citizens considered urban spaces far from their neighborhoods as part of their monitoring territory, while 66% viewed spaces close to their neighborhoods in the same light. Influence of Literacy: Among the illiterate population, 70% regarded urban spaces far from their neighborhoods as their territory compared to 90% for nearby areas. In contrast, educated individuals reported figures of approximately 50 and 70%, respectively. Gender Differences: Contrary to expectations, a larger percentage of female respondents (63%) expressed a desire to monitor public spaces compared to 38% of male respondents, highlighting a significant gender-based difference in monitoring behavior. Impact of Age: The analysis revealed that age significantly influenced monitoring preferences. Middle-aged and older citizens tended to prefer monitoring spaces far from their neighborhoods, contrary to the expectation that they would favor closer oversight. The inclination to monitor such spaces decreased after age 40, reaching zero among those over 70. Residency History: Citizens born in small towns within Hormozgan exhibited a strong desire to monitor urban spaces away from their neighborhoods (92%), while only 35% of those from larger cities shared this sentiment. Additionally, respondents with a residence history of 11 to 30 years showed a greater tendency to monitor spaces outside their neighborhoods. Statistical Validation: The findings were validated using Chi-Square and Somers’d statistical inference models, confirming the significance of the relationships between literacy, gender, age, and residency history in shaping monitoring behaviors. These findings underscored the complexity of urban monitoring behaviors, suggesting that they were influenced by a multitude of social, economic, and cultural factors beyond mere spatial design. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results indicated that 46% of citizens perceived urban spaces far from their neighborhoods as their monitoring territory, while 66% viewed nearby urban spaces in the same light. Among the illiterate population, 70% considered urban spaces far from their neighborhoods as their territory compared to 90% for those within or adjacent to their neighborhoods. For educated individuals, these figures were approximately 50 and 70%, respectively. This disparity highlighted a significant distinction between the perception of spaces far from neighborhoods and those close to them; notably, respondents with higher literacy levels showed increased interest in monitoring public spaces. The intensity of the desire to monitor varied considerably between distant and nearby public areas with a confirmed significant relationship between literacy and the desire to oversee spaces away from one’s neighborhood. Gender also played a crucial role in monitoring preferences. Contrary to expectations that female respondents would be less inclined to monitor public spaces away from their neighborhoods due to conservative tendencies, a substantial 63% of female respondents expressed a desire to engage in monitoring compared to only 38% of male respondents. These findings were validated using Chi-Square and Somers’d statistical inference models. The analysis further revealed that age significantly influenced citizens' monitoring behaviors. Contrary to initial assumptions, middle-aged and older citizens exhibited a desire to monitor spaces far from their neighborhoods influenced by traditional values. The data showed that after age 40, the inclination to monitor such spaces gradually decreased, dropping to zero among individuals over 70 years old. This trend was confirmed by the statistical analysis. Additionally, the desire to monitor urban spaces away from the Mar neighborhood was 92% among those born in small towns in Hormozgan Province compared to just 35% among those from larger cities. Interestingly, although it was anticipated that longer residency in a neighborhood would correlate with a greater desire to monitor public spaces, the analysis revealed that only respondents with a residence history of 11 to 30 years demonstrated a higher tendency to monitor areas "away from their neighborhood". In conclusion, the findings underscored the complexity of urban monitoring behaviors, highlighting how they were shaped by various social, economic, and cultural factors, rather than by spatial design alone. The summary indicated that, contrary to Jane Jacobs' theory, the desire to monitor urban spaces could not be solely attributed to physical and spatial structures or urban design. Instead, factors, such as citizens' occupations, literacy and education levels, age, place of birth, and residence history, along with the economic and social status of their neighborhoods, played a crucial role in shaping their attitudes toward urban monitoring. These dimensions, in conjunction with the considerations outlined by Jacobs, highlighted the complex nature of urban surveillance, which was influenced by various social, economic, and psychological factors. This research presented an innovative perspective by examining how citizens approached the monitoring and surveillance of urban spaces, as well as the social, economic, physical, and spatial factors that informed their willingness to engage in such activities. Building on Jacobs' assertion that the presence of "eyes on the street" enhanced safety and liveliness in public spaces—such as streets, parks, and squares—this study recommends a typological approach to analyze norm-breaking behaviors and the potential reactions of citizens. Such analysis could provide deeper insights into fostering safer and more vibrant urban environments. تعامل اجتماعی شهروندان در فضاهای ‌شهری شالودۀ‌ زندگی شهری است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر واکاوی و تبیین انگیزۀ‌ شهروندان برای پایش و نظارت بر فضاهای شهری (با توجه به شاخص‌های کالبدی، فضایی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی سطح‌بندی و تراز ‌محله) است. داده‌های این پژوهش به‌صورت کاربردی (مبتنی بر روش توصیفی-تحلیلی) و به‌گونۀ ‌‌پیمایشی گردآوری شده است. جامعۀ ‌هدف شهروندان 15 ساله و بیشتر بندرعباس بوده است. در این مطالعه از ‌روش نمونه‌برداری تصادفی ‌دو‌مرحله‌ای استفاده و داده‌ها (با حجم ‌نمونۀ 385 واحد) با مدل‌های‌ استنباط ‌آماری ناپارامتریک اسپیرمن، کندال‌تائو‌سی، کروسکال‌والیس، سامرز‌دی، کای‌دو و ... تحلیل شده است. نتایج نشان‌داد که 46 درصد شهروندان فضاهای ‌شهریِ «دور ‌از محله» و 66 درصد فضاهای‌ شهریِ «نزدیک و مجاور محله» را قلمرو پایش ‌و کنترل خود می‌دانستند؛ اما این دو شاخص فوق برای جمعیت بی‌سواد به‌ترتیب 70 درصد و90 درصد و برای تحصیلکردگان به‌ترتیب 50 درصد و70 درصد بود. تمایل به پایش فضای ‌شهری در‌میان شهروندان ساکن محله‌های با سطح‌ خیلی ‌بالا و محله‌های با سطح‌ خیلی ‌پایین به‌طور میانگین 68 درصد و 82 درصد بود. همچنین، تمایل به پایش «فضای ‌شهری دور از محله» در‌میان متولدین شهرهای‌کوچک استان ‌هرمزگان 92 درصد و درمیان متولدین کلانشهر‌ها 35 درصد بود. باوجود انتظار اولیه، تأهل و سابقۀ ‌سکونت شهروندان با علاقه به پایش فضای‌ شهری ارتباط معنا‌داری نداشت. همچنین، برخلاف نظر جین‌جیکوب رویکرد شهروندان به پایش فضای‌ شهری فقط تابع ساختار کالبدی، فضایی و طراحی ‌شهری نیست، بلکه با عوامل متعدّدی چون سواد، سن، جنسیت، محل‌تولد، تأهل، فاصله تا محل زندگی، سطح و تراز اقتصادی-‌اجتماعی محله، قابل تبیین و توضیح است. درنهایت، نوآوری پژوهش حاضر این است تاکنون رویکرد شهروندان به پایش و نظارت بر فضای ‌شهری و عوامل اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی و فضاییِ تبیین‌کننده و توضیح‌دهندۀ «مرزهای پایش‌قلمرو» در هیچ پژوهشی واکاوی نشده بود.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_29391_572cf7d4acfa7693c78ea4e1dc8a33fb.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 15 2 2025 06 22 Investigating the Location-Spatial Effects of Urban Tourism on the Stability of the Urban Spatial System (Case Study: Region 3 of Isfahan City) بررسی اثر‌های مکانی- فضایی گردشگری شهری بر پایداری نظام فضایی شهر (مطالعۀ موردی: منطقۀ 3 شهر اصفهان) 95 122 29466 10.22108/sppl.2025.143335.1816 FA مینا کاظمی کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران ابوذر وفایی استادیار گروه جغرافیا و گردشگری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران رسول حیدری استادیار گروه جغرافیا و گردشگری، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران Journal Article 2024 11 09 Abstract With the globalization of tourism and its recognized significance in the economic and social development of nations, this sector has the potential to generate positive and constructive impacts across various economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental domains within cities. This research examined the spatial effects of urban tourism on the stability of the spatial system in District 3 of Isfahan city. The study was applied in nature and employed a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population comprised residents and workers in District 3 of Isfahan with a sample size of 384 individuals determined using Cochran's formula. A random sampling method was utilized and data were collected via a questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software. The findings from the path analysis revealed that the spatial effects of urban tourism in District 3 of Isfahan significantly influenced social vitality (β = 0.98), income and business prosperity (β = 0.97), cultural well-being (β = 0.94), and employment and entrepreneurship (β = 0.91), all with a significance level of 0.000. The results indicated that tourism enhanced social vitality by preserving historical heritage, improving citizens' mental health and fostering a sense of vitality among residents. Additionally, it could contribute to increased youth employment and entrepreneurship in the region. Keywords: Location-Spatial Effects, Sustainability, Tourism, Spatial System, District 3 of Isfahan City. Introduction The past two decades have marked a significant boom in the tourism and hospitality sector. According to statistics, this industry has contributed $206 trillion to the global economy during this period and generated 119 million jobs worldwide. It serves as a vital source of national, regional, and local income and is recognized as one of the pillars of sustainable development. Tourism impacts host societies in three key areas: economic, social, and cultural. It fosters stability, differentiation, and dynamism in regions across various communities. In recent years, as an emerging industry, tourism has profoundly influenced the economic, social, and cultural landscapes of countries around the world. District 3 of Isfahan, covering an area of 1,521 hectares and home to 368,110 residents, is one of the city’s central and prominent areas and is recognized as an important tourist hub. Its attractions, including Hasht Behesht, administrative centers, academic institutions, and a variety of commercial markets—especially historical ones—underscore its significance in the tourism sector. This district is a treasure trove of historical, natural, and cultural urban tourism attractions, featuring historical sites, cultural landmarks, religious venues, recreational areas, hospitality facilities, and commercial centers. Thus, leveraging the historical, natural, and cultural assets of this region is essential for fostering the stability of the city’s spatial system across economic, social, and cultural dimensions. This research aimed to address the question of which aspect among the studied dimensions holds greater importance. Materials & Methods This research employed a descriptive and analytical approach, focusing on practical objectives. Initially, a review of relevant texts, sources, and theoretical framework was conducted. Subsequently, data were collected through fieldwork, which included observations and preparation and administration of a questionnaire aligned with the study's objectives and hypotheses. The questionnaire designed and developed by the researcher consisted of two sections: general questions and specialized questions. The latter was presented using a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from very little to very much) with the midpoint represented by the score of 3. The scope of this research was confined to District 3 of Isfahan City with the statistical population comprising its residents. A simple random sampling method was employed to select participants. For data analysis, a sample t-test was conducted using SPSS software, while Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized in AMOS software to assess the type and strength of relationships among the factors influencing the spatial effects of urban tourism on the stability of the city's spatial system. Research Findings Regarding the effects of the social vitality dimension of tourism, the findings indicated that it had the most significant impact on preserving historical and cultural heritage with an average score of 4.40. Conversely, the least impact was observed in fostering greater interaction among groups, communities, and ethnicities with an average of 3.85. In terms of income and tourism-related business effects, the highest impact was associated with the increase in land prices, which received a score of 4.16. The lowest impact, however, pertained to the rise in family income levels averaging 3.13. Descriptive findings related to the cultural and welfare dimension revealed that tourism had most significantly influenced the organization of cultural events and the development of recreational and cultural facilities with a common average score of 4.12. The least impact in this category was on reducing social inequalities, which received an average score of 3.75. Regarding the employment and entrepreneurship dimension, the greatest effects were attributed to the prosperity of markets and shopping centers with an average score of 4.07. In contrast, the least effects were observed in the growth of local businesses and increased employment averaging 3.39. To assess the spatial effects of urban tourism on the sustainability of the spatial system in District 3 of Isfahan, 20 indicators were designed based on the theoretical foundations of the research, a review of the literature, and characteristics of the study area. Respondents' opinions on the spatial effects of tourism in District 3 were measured collectively. A one-sample t-test was employed to examine the hypotheses. Given that a 5-point Likert scale was utilized for the item measurements, a score of 3 was considered the midpoint in the analyses. The calculated T-statistic and significance level indicated that all dimensions of urban tourism—including social vitality, cultural and welfare, employment and entrepreneurship, and income and business—contributed to advancing spatial sustainability in District 3 of Isfahan. Thus, it could be concluded that the dimensions of social vitality, cultural and welfare, employment and entrepreneurship, and income and business with an average value of 3.94 played a crucial role in the development and sustainability of the city's spatial system. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Today, cities are rich in tourist attractions and consistently draw large numbers of visitors. Urban tourism represents a significant opportunity for sustainable urban development. As one of the most vital economic activities, urban tourism can generate substantial economic, social, and cultural benefits, facilitating comprehensive development. The results of this theoretical study indicated that urban tourism, when approached sustainably, enhanced the economic dimension by increasing demand for goods and services, boosting household incomes, elevating foreign exchange earnings, and creating new markets for domestic products. Socially, tourism fostered a vibrant community atmosphere, enhancing residents' sense of vitality and awareness of local traditions while revitalizing traditional arts. Furthermore, a comparison of the research findings with theoretical foundations highlighted that the social vitality derived from tourism in the region of Isfahan had contributed to preserving historical heritage, improving citizens' mental health, and fostering a sense of community well-being. In terms of income and tourism business, it had facilitated job creation, increased land values, and contributed to poverty reduction. In the cultural and welfare dimension, tourism had provided a platform for developing cultural and recreational facilities, reducing inequality, enhancing overall welfare and quality of life, and organizing various celebrations and rituals. Additionally, it had spurred employment opportunities for young people and encouraged entrepreneurship. The results from the one-sample t-test analysis confirmed that the spatial effects of urban tourism had positively influenced the stability of the studied area. Findings from the structural model further demonstrated the significance of these effects on the spatial system's stability. Tourism had had significant impacts on District 3 of Isfahan City with factor loadings of 0.98 for social vitality, 0.97 for income and business, 0.94 for cultural welfare, and 0.91 for employment and entrepreneurship. When comparing these results with those of other researchers, including Al-Elshaer et al. (2021), Tu and Zhang (2020), Kim et al., and Kayani and Boshaq (2016), it was evident that there was a consistent alignment regarding empowerment of women, improvement in quality of life, economic growth, and urban development. به‌دنبال جهانی‌شدن فعالیت گردشگری و پی‌بردن به میزان اهمیت آن در پیشرفت اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشورها این فعالیت بنا بر عملکرد خود می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز اثر‌های مثبت و سازنده در بخش‌های مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی، کالبدی و زیست‌محیطی شهرها شود. محققان در پژوهش حاضر اثر‌های مکانی-فضایی گردشگری شهری را بر پایداری نظام فضایی منطقۀ 3 شهر اصفهان بررسی کردند. این پژوهش از‌نظر هدف، کاربردی و از‌نظر شیوۀ انجام‌دادن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعۀ آماری شامل ساکنان و شاغلان در منطقۀ 3 شهر اصفهان است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 384 نفر انتخاب شد. روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی و ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه است. در این مطالعه برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل پرسشنامه از روش‌های آماری در محیط نرم‌افزارهای SPSS26 و AMOS24 استفاده شده است. یافته‌های حاصل از تحلیل مسیر پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که اثر‌های مکانی- فضایی گردشگری شهری بر منطقۀ 3 شهر اصفهان در بعُد نشاط اجتماعی با مقدار بتای (98/0β=)، در بعُد درآمد و رونق کسب‌وکار با مقدار بتای (97/0β=)، در بعُد فرهنگی و رفاهی با مقدار بتای (94/0β=) و در بعُد اشتغال و کارآفرینی با مقدار بتای (91/0β=) و سطح معناداری (000/0) تأیید شده است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد بُعد نشاط اجتماعی گردشگری در منطقۀ 3 شهر اصفهان زمینۀ حفظ میراث تاریخی، سلامت روحی شهروندان و حس سرزندگی و شادابی ساکنان و در بُعد اشتغال و کارآفرینی باعث حرکت منطقه به‌سمت افزایش اشتغال جوانان و ایجاد کارآفرینی شده است.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_29466_3b32f0fc4ac05436b5e20d583b728f97.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 15 2 2025 06 22 Analysis of the Contextual Factors Influencing the Expansion of Construction Violations with an Emphasis on the Role and Position of Key Urban Stakeholders (Case Study: Isfahan Metropolis) تحلیل عوامل زمینهای مؤثر برگسترش تخلفات ساختمانی با تأکید بر عملکرد و جایگاه ذینفعان اصلی شهری (مطالعۀ موردی: کلانشهر اصفهان) 123 154 29493 10.22108/sppl.2025.143966.1827 FA احمد شاهیوندی دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران افسانه طالبی ورنوسفادرانی پژوهشگر دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0002-6723-4130 Journal Article 2025 01 14 Abstract Building violations are defined as breaches of urban laws and regulations in urban development. These violations are less common in developed countries and are more pertinent to the urban planning literature of developing nations, such as Iran. Isfahan, one of Iran's major metropolises, is significantly affected by these violations in various ways. This raises the question: what factors, elements, and stakeholders influence the occurrence of these violations and to what extent does each contribute? Identifying these factors is a crucial first step toward addressing and mitigating these issues. This research aimed to identify the underlying factors and influential actors behind building violations, analyze the role of each factor, and examine the positions of key stakeholders involved. To achieve this, 100 questionnaires were distributed among specialists and experts in urban fields and the collected data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SPSS and Amos Graphics software. The results indicated that the factors influencing the occurrence of construction violations in Isfahan ranked in order of significance included urban regulations and plans, systemic weaknesses, economic challenges or profitability of violations, urban management actions and policies, and general government development policies. The main stakeholders influencing construction violations also ranked in order of significance were the Engineering System Organization and Building Control, builders, the municipality and building police, citizens, and high supervisory authorities. Keywords: Urban Regulations, Stakeholders, Construction Regulations, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Isfahan. Introduction In recent decades, the rise of construction violations has become a significant concern for residents and city managers alike. Factors like high construction costs, lengthy permit processes, citizens' reluctance to renovate, and inconsistencies in city hall policies have made these violations more justifiable in the eyes of the public (Pong et al., 2009, p. 18). This issue is particularly prevalent in developing countries. In Iran, urban planning regulations stipulate that property owners must obtain a construction permit and adhere to relevant rules and regulations for any building or physical modifications to their properties. To prevent violations, supervisory authorities, including monitoring engineers and building police, are tasked with reporting any infractions they observe during construction and halting unauthorized work. Despite these measures, many constructions are still carried out in ways that deviate from the specifications outlined in their permits. Alarmingly, statistics show that the number of building violation cases reported to the Article 100 Commission in a single year exceeds the number of building permits issued during that same period. Additionally, approximately 85% of municipal revenue in metropolitan areas derives from construction permits with over 15% attributable to building violations. This issue is not confined to low-income housing areas and cannot be solely attributed to economic hardship or a lack of public awareness. Effective management can play a crucial role in addressing these challenges. Consequently, this research sought to analyze the legal, managerial, cultural, social, economic, and structural factors influencing building violations, as well as the roles of various stakeholders in Isfahan, one of Iran's major metropolitan areas. The goal was to raise awareness and promote strategies to prevent urban construction violations. Materials & Methods This research was applied in nature and employed a descriptive-analytical approach. With a quantitative perspective and using grounded and systems theories, the study aimed to identify and analyze the factors influencing the occurrence and development of building violations in the city of Isfahan, as well as the roles of various stakeholders. The statistical population for this research included experts in urban planning, the judiciary, the Engineering System Organization, the municipality, the Article 100 Commission, and the General Directorate of Roads and Urban Development in Isfahan. From this group, a convenient sample of 100 individuals was selected. Data were collected using a documentary-library method supplemented by questionnaires and interviews with professionals. The information was analyzed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SPSS and Amos Graphics software. To ensure the accuracy and validity of the measurement tools, expert opinions were consulted and the reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha test. This test indicated a high correlation of over 0.7 for the variables in each dimension, reflecting a desirable level of reliability. Research Findings The issue of illegal construction is predominantly associated with developing countries and Iran is no exception. This illegal development arises from various factors, including management issues, economic conditions, social and cultural aspects, and inadequacies of regulations and urban plans. Together, these elements contribute to urban development deviating from established, principled plans. The results from the factor analysis aimed at identifying the influences on building violations in Isfahan revealed the following insights across different dimensions: Urban Regulations and Plans: Key variables in this domain included: The focus of urban plans on physical dimensions with a factor loading of 0.918 The neglect of ownership characteristics of urban land with a factor loading of 0.782 The disregard for citizens' needs in urban planning with a factor loading of 0.616 The application of uniform patterns to the appearance and structure of the city across all areas and neighborhoods of Isfahan These factors collectively contributed to the shortcomings of urban plans. Other significant variables within this area also highlighted issues present in urban planning. Economic Variables: In this category, the added value of land in exchange for minimal penalty payments had a factor loading of 0.94, making violations financially attractive for builders, particularly land grabbers and real estate speculators, with a factor loading of 0.85. Additionally, the reduction in construction costs due to increased density had a factor loading of 0.77, marking it as a critical factor. Thus, the economic profitability for builders and real estate traders played a significant role in facilitating violations, indicating that personal interests heavily influenced the occurrence of construction violations in Isfahan. Notably, other variables in the model, aside from the financial incapacity of citizens to build, also exhibited favorable factor loadings. This suggested that poverty and low financial capacity were not primary drivers of these violations. Legal and Regulatory Deficiencies: Among the seven loading variables analyzed, the inconsistency between urban planning laws and other existing laws in the country emerged as the most significant factor in this dimension with a substantial factor loading of 0.834. Following closely, the lack of legal enforcement mechanisms to address construction violations with a factor loading of 0.805 played a crucial role in explaining the model. Other noteworthy variables included the inadequacy of penalties for offenders, which also carried considerable weight. However, the inflexibility of urban construction laws was not found to be significant; experts indicated that this variable did not contribute to the legal issues surrounding urban construction in Isfahan and was thus been excluded from the model. Government's Public and Civil Construction Policies and Programs: The results indicated that all variables in this dimension were significant, i.e., they all affected the government's policies and civil construction programs. Among these, the poor performance in public housing provision with a factor loading of 0.95 stood out as a critical issue. Additionally, the failure to implement systems to mitigate the impact of inflation on housing costs with a factor loading of 0.821 and the restrictions on bank credits for loans related to purchasing and building housing with a factor loading of 0.812 were identified as key factors contributing to the weaknesses in the government's public and civil construction initiatives. Social and Cultural Dimensions: In this aspect, social factors accounted for approximately 36% of the model, while cultural factors accounted for about 26%. Among the social variables, the need for employment among the young population with a factor loading of 0.85 and the necessity for shelter with a factor loading of 0.83 were particularly significant. In the cultural dimension, the variable representing individualism and neglect of community needs with a loading of 0.863 and the perception of defiance against regulations as an act of courage with a loading of 0.814 played the most significant roles in explaining the model. Urban Management Policies and Actions: In the realm of urban management, 9 variables were identified. Among these, the delay in demolishing illegal housing at the onset of construction with a factor loading of 0.88 and the non-compliance of housing standards with citizens' income levels with a factor loading of 0.87 had the most significant impacts. Additionally, the complexity and high costs associated with the building permit issuance process, which had a factor loading of 0.84, also played a crucial role. This lengthy permit process often forced individuals, who could not navigate it to resort to violating regulations. Urbanization Process: Within this dimension, migration of the population from villages and small towns to metropolitan areas with a factor loading of 0.97 was particularly significant in explaining the model. Following closely, the variables related to urban expansion and the incorporation of surrounding villages and lands into the city also with a factor loading of 0.97 contributed to this dynamic. Additionally, natural population growth—encompassing births, improvements in healthcare, and reduced mortality rates—had a factor loading of 0.74, further impacting the urbanization process. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results from the city of Isfahan indicated that urban regulations and plans with a factor loading of 0.72 were the primary cause of building violations. Following this, the economic factor with a factor loading of 0.70 significantly contributed to the occurrence of construction violations. Economic opportunism, the added value derived from exceeding building permit limits, and the existing rent-seeking behaviors had led to high levels of economic exploitation within the housing sector and urban construction. Another influential factor was the actions and policies of urban management, which carried a factor loading of 0.67. Additionally, government policies and public construction plans with a factor loading of 0.56 played a notable role in fostering building violations in Isfahan. Key weaknesses in these policies included the failure to consider low-income groups in urban planning and housing programs, restrictions on bank credits for loans related to purchasing and building housing, inadequate performance in public housing provision, and lack of systems to mitigate the impact of inflation on housing costs. The absence of robust legal and regulatory frameworks with a regression weight of 0.46 was identified as the 5th most influential factor contributing to building violations in Isfahan. Following this, sociocultural factors with a regression weight of 0.36 and urbanization process with a regression weight of 0.46 played lesser roles in these violations. Interestingly, while past trends indicated that incoming migrants contributed to undesirable construction due to family size, economic challenges, and regulatory noncompliance, their current influences on building violations in Isfahan were considerably less compared to other factors. Among the stakeholders, the roles of the Engineering System Organization and building control, as well as construction companies, were more significant than others. The municipality and building police also served as key executors, alongside citizens, the Article 100 Commission, and the Article 5 Commission. تخلفات ساختمانی به‌عنوان نقض قوانین و ضوابط شهری در توسعۀ کالبدی شهری تعریف می‌شود. این نوع تخلفات در کشورهای توسعه‌یافته به‌ندرت یافت می‌شود و بیشتر مربوط به پیشینۀ شهرسازی کشورهای درحال‌توسعه نظیر ایران است. اصفهان نیز به‌عنوان یکی از کلانشهرهای ایران به شکل‌های مختلف متأثر از این تخلفات است. در همین زمینه، این سؤال مطرح است که چه عوامل و عناصر یا بازیگرانی و هر‌یک به چه میزانی بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی اثرگذار است؟ زیرا شناسایی این عوامل و عناصر به‌عنوان گامی اولیه در راستای حذف آنها یا کمک به بهبود وضعیتشان است. در همین راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی عوامل زمینه‌ای و بازیگران مؤثر بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی و تحلیل نقش هر‌یک از عوامل و تحلیل جایگاه ذی‌نفعان اصلی در بروز تخلفات تدوین شده است. در این مطالعه ۱۰۰ پرسشنامه در‌بین متخصصان و کارشناسان حوزه‌های شهری توزیع و داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده با روش تحلیل عاملی تأییدی به کمک مدل‌سازی معادله‌های ساختاری در نرم‌افزار Spss و Amos Graphic تحلیل شد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده حاکی از آن است که عوامل مؤثر بر بروز تخلفات ساختمانی در شهر اصفهان به‌ترتیب شامل ضوابط و طرح‌های شهری، ضعف‌ها و مشکلات اقتصادی یا سودآور‌بودن تخلفات ساختمانی، اقدام‌ها و سیاست‌های مدیریت شهری، سیاست‌ها و برنامه‌های عمومی و عمرانی دولت است. مهم‌ترین بازیگران اثرگذار بر تخلفات ساختمانی نیز به‌ترتیب شامل سازمان نظام مهندسی و کنترل ساختمان، سازندگان، شهرداری و پلیس ساختمان، شهروندان و مراجع عالی نظارتی است.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_29493_d3a8701d0d2d4d6c490fc467ea93438a.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 15 2 2025 06 22 International Migration and Its Consequences Affecting Population Management in Isfahan Province: A Grounded Theory Study مهاجرت بین‌المللی و پیامدهای مدیریت جمعیت در استان اصفهان: مطالعۀ نظریۀ زمینه‌ای 155 178 29501 10.22108/sppl.2025.140918.1776 FA محمد حسین قنبری جهرمی استادیار پژوهشگاه دفاع مقدس، تهران، ایران 0000-0000-0000-0001 جواد استکی پژوهشگر پژوهشگاه دفاع مقدس، تهران ایران حمید نظری استادیار گروه کسب‌و‌کار جدید، دانشکدۀ کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0009-0002-1390-9224 Journal Article 2024 03 16 Abstract Isfahan Province, a significant population center, has historically served as a destination for migrants from neighboring regions. Today, it grapples with numerous challenges stemming from this influx and overpopulation. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of regional migration in Isfahan Province. Using the foundational data theory method, we evaluated the migration process and its impacts guided by Glaser's theory (1978). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and field observations. The findings revealed that foreign migration to Isfahan was driven and exacerbated by a range of complex factors, which we categorized into causal, background, and intervention conditions. The migration process yielded various consequences identified as economic security, socio-cultural security, and environmental security issues. To better manage foreign migration in Isfahan, it is crucial to prioritize research and education in this area. Additionally, a review of laws and oversight is necessary aligned with the current migration landscape and societal needs. Keywords: Foreign Migration, Security Implications of Migration, Grounded Theory Method, Isfahan Province. Introduction Demographic statistics from various census periods reveal significant population growth rates in major urban centers accompanied by negative or even accelerated declines in less populated areas. The influx of people into Isfahan Province is not limited to internal migrants; a substantial portion consists of foreign migrants. The widespread phenomenon of immigration to Iran is a critical issue. Optimizing immigration policies and curbing the wave of immigration, particularly illegal immigration, should be a top priority for the country. Understanding the foreign immigration process to Isfahan, a key population center, is essential for effective monitoring, management, and planning. This knowledge will not only help improve living conditions, but also ensure the security of residents. The complexities surrounding migration necessitate a multifaceted approach, acknowledging the various factors that contribute to this phenomenon. By focusing on these aspects, policymakers can design strategies that address both the needs of migrants and concerns of the host community. Materials & Methods This research employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing grounded theory with a systematic framework. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews, employing purposeful sampling. This method allowed for in-depth exploration of participants' experiences and perspectives regarding migration to Isfahan. For data analysis, we applied the 3-step coding process characteristic of grounded theory, which involved open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Open coding allowed us to identify initial themes and categories, while axial coding helped refine these categories by establishing connections between them. Finally, selective coding enabled us to integrate and synthesize the findings into a coherent narrative that reflected the complexities of the migration process and its consequences. Research Findings The coding process identified and categorized data based on causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences. Causal Conditions: The causal conditions included "destination attractions", "narratives and networks", and "origin repulsions". Destination attractions referred to the factors that made Isfahan appealing to migrants, such as job opportunities, cultural richness, and social networks. Narratives and networks highlighted the role of personal stories and connections in influencing migration decisions. Origin repulsions encompassed the adverse conditions in migrants' home countries, including political instability, economic hardship, and social unrest. Contextual Conditions: Contextual categories comprised "changing conditions at the origin" and "expectations of affordable living at the destination". These factors illustrated how fluctuations in the socio-economic landscape of the migrants' home countries could drive them to seek better opportunities in Isfahan. Intervening Conditions: Intervening categories were divided into two main groups: "anonymity" and "investor support for the presence of immigrants". Anonymity could facilitate the migration process by providing a sense of safety for newcomers, while investor support could enhance the economic viability of hosting migrants. Strategies: Based on our data analysis, the strategies for managing population and migration in Isfahan Province included "guiding immigrants towards conscious and responsible participation", "prioritizing migration research and education", and "revising laws and oversight". These strategies aimed to foster an inclusive environment that benefited both migrants and the local population. Consequences: The consequences of migration to Isfahan Province were identified as issues related to "socio-cultural security", "economic security", and "environmental security". Each of these areas required careful consideration to mitigate potential negative impacts while leveraging the benefits that migration could bring. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Foreign migration to Isfahan Province occurred for a variety of reasons. It encompassed different forms, including individual, family-based, legal, illegal, short-term, long-term, and permanent residence. The motivations for migration were often linked to unstable political, economic, income, welfare, educational, and cultural conditions in the countries of origin as contrasted with the relatively more favorable work, income, welfare, cultural, and educational opportunities in Isfahan Province. The diversity of migration forms implied that policies had to be adaptable and responsive to the unique needs of different migrant groups. Moreover, the various background and intervening factors significantly influenced the migration process and its escalation. A crucial aspect of this phenomenon was its diverse consequences, which could impact the economic, socio-cultural, and environmental security of the host community. Economic security could be threatened by increased competition for jobs and resources, while socio-cultural security might be impacted by cultural clashes or social tensions arising from integration challenges. Environmental security concerns included the strain on local resources and infrastructure due to population growth. To effectively address these challenges, it is essential to establish a foundation for comprehensive research in this area that aligns with the capacities and needs of the host country. This research should encompass not only quantitative data, but also qualitative insights that capture the lived experiences of migrants and the perceptions of local residents. Furthermore, necessary training should be provided to migrants prior to their arrival. This training can equip them with essential skills and knowledge about the local culture, legal framework, and available resources, facilitating smoother integration into society. Language programs and vocational training can enhance employability and contribute to economic stability for migrants. Alongside these measures, it is important to acknowledge the existing weaknesses in our legal and regulatory frameworks. Policymakers must undertake a thorough review of current immigration laws to identify gaps and areas for improvement. Effective oversight mechanisms should be established to ensure compliance and protect the rights of both migrants and local communities. In conclusion, the challenges posed by foreign migration to Isfahan Province require a multifaceted approach that combines research, education, and policy reform. By addressing the root causes of migration and fostering an inclusive environment, Isfahan can better manage the impacts of migration while enhancing the quality of life for all its residents. The insights gained from this study can serve as a valuable resource for stakeholders involved in migration management, ultimately contributing to a more harmonious and prosperous society. استان اصفهان به‌عنوان یکی از کانون‌های مهم جمعیتی در‌طول دوره‌های مختلف مقصد انتخابی مناسب برای مهاجرت از استان‌های همجوار بوده است. امروزه این استان با مسائل بسیار زیادی ناشی از هجوم و ازدیاد جمعیت مواجه است؛ بنابراین محققان در پژوهش حاضر به‌دنبال بررسی پیامدهای روند مهاجرت منطقه‌ای به استان اصفهان هستند. در این مطالعه با روش نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد فرآیند مهاجرت به استان اصفهان و پیامدهای آن ارزیابی شد. جمع‌آوری اطلاعات با استفاده از مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساخت‌یافته از نمونه‌ای 24 نفری و مشاهده‌های میدانی حاصل شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که مهاجرت خارجی به استان اصفهان در اثر عوامل پیچیده و مختلفی ایجاد و تشدید می‌شود. این عوامل در قالب شرایط علّی، شرایط زمینه‌ساز و شرایط مداخله‌ای بررسی شد. این روند مهاجرتی پیامدهای مختلفی دارد که در مقوله‌های اصلی پیامدهای امنیت اقتصادی، پیامدهای امنیت اجتماعی-فرهنگی و پیامدهای امنیت زیست‌محیطی شناسایی و استخراج شد. برای مدیریت بهتر مهاجرت خارجی به استان اصفهان نیازمند یک توجه ویژه به پژوهش و آموزش در این حوزه احساس می‌شود و متناسب با وضعیت روز مهاجرت و نیاز روز جامعه یک بازنگری در قوانین و نظارت باید صورت بپذیرد.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_29501_41be9db87bccf4e577b83b2f17e422f6.pdf