University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 3 2024 09 22 Identification of Suitable Villages for Agritourism Development (A Case Study of Semirom County) Identification of Suitable Villages for Agritourism Development (A Case Study of Semirom County) 1 30 28406 10.22108/sppl.2024.141052.1781 FA Narges Vazin Assistant Professor of Geography and Tourism Planning, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ali Sadeghi Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Zahra Barati MA Graduate of Geography and Tourism Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 14 <strong>Abstract  </strong><br />Agricultural tourism has been recognized as an opportunity for rural development in recent decades. To promote sustainable agricultural tourism, identifying and prioritizing villages suitable for the development of this activity is essential. This research aims to locate suitable villages for the development of agritourism in rural areas of Semirom County. The method used is a survey-analytical approach. The study population consists of experts and farmers. Data collection was done through questionnaires. Initially, suitable indicators were identified through the opinions of 15 experts using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and Super Decision software. Then, using spatial indicators through ArcGIS software and the fuzzy overlay method, areas and villages suitable for agritourism development were determined, ultimately selecting 14 villages based on population size. In the next stage, the social capacity of the local community in the identified villages was assessed. Data were collected from 326 individuals using questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS software. Finally, using the TOPSIS model, villages were ranked based on all indicators influencing agricultural tourism development, including natural and tourism resources, tourism infrastructure, and the social capacity of the local community. The results indicated that Aliabad, Dangzalu, and Khafar have the highest potential for agritourism development. Furthermore, the results showed that planners should consider all factors including agricultural capacity, natural resources, tourist attractions, infrastructure, and local social capacity when identifying suitable villages for agritourism.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Agritourism, Agritourism Prone Area Determination, Rural Areas, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, Semirom County.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Agritourism is a type of tourism that allows visitors to learn and experience agricultural activities and rural lifestyle. Nowadays, agritourism is recognized as an approach to sustainable development of rural areas. Agritourism can transform local resources into tourism products and services, as well as provide real opportunities for the development of rural communities. Therefore, it is important to locate suitable villages for the development of agritourism. One of the key challenges in locating suitable areas for agritourism development is providing a framework and appropriate techniques for evaluating the suitability of a location for this type of tourism. To create and develop agritourism destinations, attention must be paid to all the region's potential such as the environment, agricultural products, cultural attractions, and infrastructure that meet the needs of tourists during their visits.<br />The aim of this research is to identify suitable criteria for determining villages suitable for agritourism development and locating suitable villages for agritourism development in Semirom County. Different methods including GIS, fuzzy AHP, statistical analysis, and TOPSIS have been used to determine suitable villages for agritourism development due to the use of various qualitative and quantitative criteria. The study area is Semirom County in Isfahan Province, known as the horticultural hub of Isfahan Province. In addition to its agricultural capacities, with various natural, cultural, and historical attractions, it is a suitable destination for agritourism development, attracting many tourists annually to visit the villages and orchards in this area.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The research method is a descriptive-analytical type carried out using a survey method and the quantitative approach. The research area is the villages of Semirom County. Initially, research indicators were identified through literature review and expert consultation. Then, they were evaluated by 15 experts using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) model and Super Decision software to determine the final weights of the indicators. The suitable zones and villages for agricultural tourism were identified based on spatial criteria. To identify the appropriate zone, a map was prepared for each indicator based on the weights of the indicators and analysis scale using ArcGIS software. Subsequently, by combining the maps using the Fuzzy Overlay and Fuzzy Gamma operators, the final map was prepared. In the next step, the social capacity of the local community in villages suitable for agritourism was evaluated. The target population of the study consisted of farmers in the identified villages. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. SPSS software and descriptive and one-sample t-tests were employed for data analysis. Finally, the identified suitable villages were prioritized based on all indicators using the TOPSIS model.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />Based on the research findings, 29 indicators were identified for locating villages suitable for agritourism development. The indicators of orchard area and agricultural land area were identified as the most important indicators for locating villages suitable for agritourism. Additionally, indicators such as climate, proximity to water sources, diversity of vegetation, and proximity to protected areas were also identified as important indicators in agritourism development. To identify suitable villages, after preparing a map for each of the indicators, by combining the maps using the fuzzy overlay function and gamma operator, a map of zones and villages suitable for agritourism development was prepared. According to the final map, 4.66% of the province's area, including 14 villages in the southwestern, central, and northwestern parts of Semirom County, was identified as the most suitable zone for agritourism development. The social capacity status of farmers in villages located in the very suitable category was evaluated, showing that farmers in these villages understand the positive effects of agritourism on their village and businesses and are willing to engage in agritourism activities. However, the farmers' capacity to offer various agricultural tourism activities, including developing recreational activities and organizing ceremonies and festivals, is lower than desirable. After ranking the villages based on all indicators using the TOPSIS model, the villages of Aliabad, Dangzalu, and Khafar were recognized as the most suitable villages for agritourism development.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong><br />The results indicate that agricultural capacities and natural resources are key criteria in agritourism development. In addition to natural attractions, the development and sustainability of agritourism depend on the unique cultural heritage of the village, tourism infrastructure, and the capacity of the local community. The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution of agricultural capacities, tourism resources and attractions, infrastructure, and local community capacity, which can assist regional planners in identifying and implementing the best strategies for agricultural tourism development. This research presents a zoning map with different categories ranging from very suitable to very unsuitable and ranks the most suitable villages for agritourism development. The results will be practical for planners and regional officials in selecting a suitable village for investment and agritourism development.<br /><strong> </strong> <strong>Abstract  </strong><br />Agricultural tourism has been recognized as an opportunity for rural development in recent decades. To promote sustainable agricultural tourism, identifying and prioritizing villages suitable for the development of this activity is essential. This research aims to locate suitable villages for the development of agritourism in rural areas of Semirom County. The method used is a survey-analytical approach. The study population consists of experts and farmers. Data collection was done through questionnaires. Initially, suitable indicators were identified through the opinions of 15 experts using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and Super Decision software. Then, using spatial indicators through ArcGIS software and the fuzzy overlay method, areas and villages suitable for agritourism development were determined, ultimately selecting 14 villages based on population size. In the next stage, the social capacity of the local community in the identified villages was assessed. Data were collected from 326 individuals using questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS software. Finally, using the TOPSIS model, villages were ranked based on all indicators influencing agricultural tourism development, including natural and tourism resources, tourism infrastructure, and the social capacity of the local community. The results indicated that Aliabad, Dangzalu, and Khafar have the highest potential for agritourism development. Furthermore, the results showed that planners should consider all factors including agricultural capacity, natural resources, tourist attractions, infrastructure, and local social capacity when identifying suitable villages for agritourism.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Agritourism, Agritourism Prone Area Determination, Rural Areas, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, Semirom County.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Agritourism is a type of tourism that allows visitors to learn and experience agricultural activities and rural lifestyle. Nowadays, agritourism is recognized as an approach to sustainable development of rural areas. Agritourism can transform local resources into tourism products and services, as well as provide real opportunities for the development of rural communities. Therefore, it is important to locate suitable villages for the development of agritourism. One of the key challenges in locating suitable areas for agritourism development is providing a framework and appropriate techniques for evaluating the suitability of a location for this type of tourism. To create and develop agritourism destinations, attention must be paid to all the region's potential such as the environment, agricultural products, cultural attractions, and infrastructure that meet the needs of tourists during their visits.<br />The aim of this research is to identify suitable criteria for determining villages suitable for agritourism development and locating suitable villages for agritourism development in Semirom County. Different methods including GIS, fuzzy AHP, statistical analysis, and TOPSIS have been used to determine suitable villages for agritourism development due to the use of various qualitative and quantitative criteria. The study area is Semirom County in Isfahan Province, known as the horticultural hub of Isfahan Province. In addition to its agricultural capacities, with various natural, cultural, and historical attractions, it is a suitable destination for agritourism development, attracting many tourists annually to visit the villages and orchards in this area.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The research method is a descriptive-analytical type carried out using a survey method and the quantitative approach. The research area is the villages of Semirom County. Initially, research indicators were identified through literature review and expert consultation. Then, they were evaluated by 15 experts using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) model and Super Decision software to determine the final weights of the indicators. The suitable zones and villages for agricultural tourism were identified based on spatial criteria. To identify the appropriate zone, a map was prepared for each indicator based on the weights of the indicators and analysis scale using ArcGIS software. Subsequently, by combining the maps using the Fuzzy Overlay and Fuzzy Gamma operators, the final map was prepared. In the next step, the social capacity of the local community in villages suitable for agritourism was evaluated. The target population of the study consisted of farmers in the identified villages. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. SPSS software and descriptive and one-sample t-tests were employed for data analysis. Finally, the identified suitable villages were prioritized based on all indicators using the TOPSIS model.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />Based on the research findings, 29 indicators were identified for locating villages suitable for agritourism development. The indicators of orchard area and agricultural land area were identified as the most important indicators for locating villages suitable for agritourism. Additionally, indicators such as climate, proximity to water sources, diversity of vegetation, and proximity to protected areas were also identified as important indicators in agritourism development. To identify suitable villages, after preparing a map for each of the indicators, by combining the maps using the fuzzy overlay function and gamma operator, a map of zones and villages suitable for agritourism development was prepared. According to the final map, 4.66% of the province's area, including 14 villages in the southwestern, central, and northwestern parts of Semirom County, was identified as the most suitable zone for agritourism development. The social capacity status of farmers in villages located in the very suitable category was evaluated, showing that farmers in these villages understand the positive effects of agritourism on their village and businesses and are willing to engage in agritourism activities. However, the farmers' capacity to offer various agricultural tourism activities, including developing recreational activities and organizing ceremonies and festivals, is lower than desirable. After ranking the villages based on all indicators using the TOPSIS model, the villages of Aliabad, Dangzalu, and Khafar were recognized as the most suitable villages for agritourism development.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong><br />The results indicate that agricultural capacities and natural resources are key criteria in agritourism development. In addition to natural attractions, the development and sustainability of agritourism depend on the unique cultural heritage of the village, tourism infrastructure, and the capacity of the local community. The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution of agricultural capacities, tourism resources and attractions, infrastructure, and local community capacity, which can assist regional planners in identifying and implementing the best strategies for agricultural tourism development. This research presents a zoning map with different categories ranging from very suitable to very unsuitable and ranks the most suitable villages for agritourism development. The results will be practical for planners and regional officials in selecting a suitable village for investment and agritourism development.<br /><strong> </strong> https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28406_cd6c1bb208d2a182c1b5aaa93cdbb7fe.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 3 2024 09 22 Rural Management Development: Understanding Future Scenarios for Villages in Jiroft County Rural Management Development: Understanding Future Scenarios for Villages in Jiroft County 31 58 28397 10.22108/sppl.2024.140052.1764 FA Mahmoud Falsolayman Associate professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Mohammad Hajipour Assistant professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Atiyeh Salari MSc., Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 10 <strong>Abstract</strong><br />Rural management development is a fundamental strategy for achieving sustainable development. However, the current rural management system in Iran faces challenges, such as lack of development and inefficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to explore how rural management can address emerging issues in the future. This study focused on Jiroft County and aimed to identify the key factors and driving forces that influence rural management development. By using data analysis techniques, such as MICMAC and ScenarioWizard, along with the SOAR method, we examined the future scenarios and strategies necessary for implementation of rural management in Jiroft County. The findings revealed that 24 factors were instrumental in improving and developing rural management in the county. Among these factors, "adequate access to credits and financial resources" had the most significant impact on rural management and its development. The study highlighted that the current state of rural management in Jiroft County was largely unsustainable and it predicted that the existing conditions governing the rural management system would undergo changes in the near future. Based on the identified key factors, we generated 9 scenarios for the future development of rural management in Jiroft County. To achieve the most desirable scenario, it was essential to pursue 11 strategies and solutions. One of the proposed operational suggestions was to establish collaborative agreements with institutions and organizations both within and outside the village to effectively coordinate and manage all village affairs.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em> </strong>Sustainable Rural Development, Modern Rural Management, Foresight, Scenario Writing, Jiroft County.<br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Currently, rural areas are confronted with heightened vulnerability and instability, presenting significant challenges to the attainment of sustainable rural development. Consequently, there have been numerous endeavors in research centers to explore scientific approaches and methods to address the impediments to rural settlement development. Rural management development emerges as a crucial and indispensable strategy in the pursuit of this objective. However, the management system in Iranian villages suffers from developmental gaps and inefficiencies within the rural sector. Given that most rural areas experience economic underdevelopment and relatively low socio-economic well-being, it becomes imperative to examine how rural management can effectively address emerging challenges in the future. Hence, this study sought to identify the key factors and drivers that influence rural management development and provided scenarios and strategies necessary for its future implementation, specifically within the geographical region of Jiroft.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />This study utilized an applied research design employing a mixed-method approach. The theoretical framework was established through document analysis. The initial identification of factors impacting rural management development in Jiroft County involved a combination of document analysis and the Delphi method. The list of factors was subsequently refined using the MICMAC software for driver analysis. Scenario development was conducted employing the ScenarioWizard software and the solutions aligned with the desired scenario were identified through implementation of the SOAR method.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />In the conducted analyses, a 24x24 matrix was utilized with repeated consideration of factors. The matrix saturation index yielded a result of 8.87%, indicating that the factors influenced each other in over 87% of cases. Out of the total 506 relationships assessed, 120 relationships (24%) exhibited high-level cross-effects (Level 3), 227 relationships (45%) demonstrated moderate-level cross-effects (Level 2), and 159 relationships (31%) displayed low-level cross-effects (Level 1).<br />The factor with the greatest impact on the future of rural management in Jiroft County, both directly and indirectly, was "adequate access to credits and financial resources". This factor exhibited a high level of influence and susceptibility.<br />The output generated by the ScenarioWizard software identified 9 scenarios with significant compatibility, providing potential future trajectories for rural management in Jiroft County. Among these scenarios, the first scenario obtained the highest ranking, scoring 128 points in terms of influence.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />Based on the conducted investigations, it was determined that there were 24 factors that would play a significant role in enhancing and advancing rural management in the future of Jiroft County. Among these factors, "adequate access to credits and financial resources" emerged as the primary influencer on rural management and its development planning in the county. The current state of rural management in Jiroft County was characterized by a certain level of instability and it was anticipated that the prevailing conditions of the rural management system would undergo changes in the near future. Identification of these key factors enabled the generation of 9 potential scenarios for the future development of rural management in Jiroft County. Attainment of the most desirable scenario was contingent upon the implementation of 11 strategic approaches and solutions. To facilitate the development of rural management in Jiroft County, several practical suggestions are put forth. These include establishing collaborative agreements with both internal and external institutions and organizations to effectively coordinate and organize all rural affairs, drawing upon the experiences and successful management practices of accomplished village administrators in the region, and preparing comprehensive documents for rural employment and economic development that leverage local capacities. In conclusion, this study highlighted the crucial factors influencing rural management in Jiroft County and provided valuable insights into potential scenarios and strategies for its future development. By addressing these factors and implementing the recommended solutions, Jiroft County can foster sustainable rural management practices and enhance the overall well-being of its rural communities. <strong>Abstract</strong><br />Rural management development is a fundamental strategy for achieving sustainable development. However, the current rural management system in Iran faces challenges, such as lack of development and inefficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to explore how rural management can address emerging issues in the future. This study focused on Jiroft County and aimed to identify the key factors and driving forces that influence rural management development. By using data analysis techniques, such as MICMAC and ScenarioWizard, along with the SOAR method, we examined the future scenarios and strategies necessary for implementation of rural management in Jiroft County. The findings revealed that 24 factors were instrumental in improving and developing rural management in the county. Among these factors, "adequate access to credits and financial resources" had the most significant impact on rural management and its development. The study highlighted that the current state of rural management in Jiroft County was largely unsustainable and it predicted that the existing conditions governing the rural management system would undergo changes in the near future. Based on the identified key factors, we generated 9 scenarios for the future development of rural management in Jiroft County. To achieve the most desirable scenario, it was essential to pursue 11 strategies and solutions. One of the proposed operational suggestions was to establish collaborative agreements with institutions and organizations both within and outside the village to effectively coordinate and manage all village affairs.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em> </strong>Sustainable Rural Development, Modern Rural Management, Foresight, Scenario Writing, Jiroft County.<br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Currently, rural areas are confronted with heightened vulnerability and instability, presenting significant challenges to the attainment of sustainable rural development. Consequently, there have been numerous endeavors in research centers to explore scientific approaches and methods to address the impediments to rural settlement development. Rural management development emerges as a crucial and indispensable strategy in the pursuit of this objective. However, the management system in Iranian villages suffers from developmental gaps and inefficiencies within the rural sector. Given that most rural areas experience economic underdevelopment and relatively low socio-economic well-being, it becomes imperative to examine how rural management can effectively address emerging challenges in the future. Hence, this study sought to identify the key factors and drivers that influence rural management development and provided scenarios and strategies necessary for its future implementation, specifically within the geographical region of Jiroft.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />This study utilized an applied research design employing a mixed-method approach. The theoretical framework was established through document analysis. The initial identification of factors impacting rural management development in Jiroft County involved a combination of document analysis and the Delphi method. The list of factors was subsequently refined using the MICMAC software for driver analysis. Scenario development was conducted employing the ScenarioWizard software and the solutions aligned with the desired scenario were identified through implementation of the SOAR method.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />In the conducted analyses, a 24x24 matrix was utilized with repeated consideration of factors. The matrix saturation index yielded a result of 8.87%, indicating that the factors influenced each other in over 87% of cases. Out of the total 506 relationships assessed, 120 relationships (24%) exhibited high-level cross-effects (Level 3), 227 relationships (45%) demonstrated moderate-level cross-effects (Level 2), and 159 relationships (31%) displayed low-level cross-effects (Level 1).<br />The factor with the greatest impact on the future of rural management in Jiroft County, both directly and indirectly, was "adequate access to credits and financial resources". This factor exhibited a high level of influence and susceptibility.<br />The output generated by the ScenarioWizard software identified 9 scenarios with significant compatibility, providing potential future trajectories for rural management in Jiroft County. Among these scenarios, the first scenario obtained the highest ranking, scoring 128 points in terms of influence.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />Based on the conducted investigations, it was determined that there were 24 factors that would play a significant role in enhancing and advancing rural management in the future of Jiroft County. Among these factors, "adequate access to credits and financial resources" emerged as the primary influencer on rural management and its development planning in the county. The current state of rural management in Jiroft County was characterized by a certain level of instability and it was anticipated that the prevailing conditions of the rural management system would undergo changes in the near future. Identification of these key factors enabled the generation of 9 potential scenarios for the future development of rural management in Jiroft County. Attainment of the most desirable scenario was contingent upon the implementation of 11 strategic approaches and solutions. To facilitate the development of rural management in Jiroft County, several practical suggestions are put forth. These include establishing collaborative agreements with both internal and external institutions and organizations to effectively coordinate and organize all rural affairs, drawing upon the experiences and successful management practices of accomplished village administrators in the region, and preparing comprehensive documents for rural employment and economic development that leverage local capacities. In conclusion, this study highlighted the crucial factors influencing rural management in Jiroft County and provided valuable insights into potential scenarios and strategies for its future development. By addressing these factors and implementing the recommended solutions, Jiroft County can foster sustainable rural management practices and enhance the overall well-being of its rural communities. https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28397_d38aa7feb9709de68766b267b7342ad1.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 3 2024 09 22 Key Drivers Affecting the Future of Power Relations in Tehran Metropolis with a Scenario-Writing Approach Key Drivers Affecting the Future of Power Relations in Tehran Metropolis with a Scenario-Writing Approach 59 86 28474 10.22108/sppl.2024.139415.1753 FA Afshin Mottaghi Associate professor in Political Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Arash Ghorbani Sepehr Postdoctoral researcher in Political Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Joseph Saloukadz Ph.D., Faculty of Social Sciences, Ivan Javakhshli University, Tbilisi, Georgia Journal Article 2023 10 09 <strong>Abstract</strong><br />As the center of developments on local, regional, national, and global scales, and the site of influential actors, Tehran's metropolitan area has long been a stage for political power dynamics. Additionally, the presence of geopolitical drivers has further elevated its position in power relations. The central question of this research was this: What are the drivers and future scenarios of power relations in Tehran Metropolis? This was an applied research study with an exploratory nature. To answer the research question, indicators were extracted through a multi-stage interview process involving 30 elite experts and an elite panel. The Delphi method was also used to screen the propellants. The data were analyzed using the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software. The research results revealed 45 possible situations across 7 scenarios with strong and likely compatibilities. Based on the scenario table of geopolitical drivers affecting the future of power relations in Tehran Metropolis, 33.33% were in a favorable situation, 41.6% were in a semi-favorable situation, and 25% were in a static situation. The 1^st and 2^nd scenario boards were the most prominent in terms of position.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords</strong><strong><em>:</em></strong> Tehran Metropolis, Urban Geopolitics, Power Relations, Scenario Writing, Future Studies.<br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />As the preeminent metropolis of Iran, Tehran is home to a multitude of influential actors, who play a significant role in its power dynamics. The more access these actors have to geopolitical drivers, the greater their influences will be across local, regional, national, and global scales. Consequently, understanding the geopolitical drivers shaping Tehran Metropolis is of utmost importance. Gaining insight into these drivers can significantly aid scholars of urban geopolitics in developing a more accurate and realistic vision of the future power relations between the various actors within Tehran's metropolitan area. The geopolitical importance of Tehran is only set to grow as power relations in the city increasingly transcend local boundaries. Therefore, a more thorough and pragmatic understanding of the goals and motivations of the key actors can lead to the formulation of more precise and actionable strategies. Given this context, the central question guiding the present research was this: What are the drivers and future scenarios of power relations in Tehran Metropolis?<br /> <br /><strong>Materials & Methods</strong><br />This research employed a mixed quantitative-qualitative approach. To address the central research question, relevant indicators were extracted through a multi-stage interview process involving 30 elite experts and an elite panel and then refined using structural analysis. Based on these indicators, the future scenarios were developed. The Delphi method and an elite panel were utilized to screen and refine these indicators. Structural analysis of the research question was conducted using the MICMAC software and Scenario Wizard, employing the Cross-Impact Balance (CIB) method. The resulting futures presented were exploratory in nature. This exploratory research aimed to investigate the various interactions between forces and components, revealing a multitude of alternative future possibilities. This approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the complex power dynamics and geopolitical drivers shaping the future of Tehran Metropolis.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />The scenario analysis revealed 45 possible situations across 7 scenarios with strong and probable compatibilities. Based on the scenario table, 33.33, 41.6, and 25% of the situations were in favorable, semi-favorable, and static conditions, respectively.<br />The key findings indicated that Tehran Metropolis would maintain a central and focal position, with the status quo unlikely to change in terms of its role as the capital and economic center of the country. This was due to its ease of access to production and consumption markets, as well as its ability to attract greater investment and private sector engagement compared to other cities. Furthermore, Tehran's central and pivotal position was reflected in its political and administrative centrality, with the city continuing to host the headquarters of all government organizations and institutions. This was likely to impede the implementation of spatial justice initiatives that would allow other cities to benefit from the presence of these central institutions. The combination of economic, political, and administrative advantages had contributed to Tehran's large population and increased demand for services and facilities. This, in turn, was expected to heighten the city's influence in future electoral processes, with the outcome of many national elections potentially hinging on the voting patterns in Tehran. Additionally, the concentration of financial and economic activities in Tehran was expected to result in faster business and administrative processes compared to other cities, further strengthening the city's appeal for investors and property owners. However, to enhance Tehran's position in the realm of sports geopolitics, such as hosting major Asian and global sporting events, the city would need to focus on developing its sports tourism infrastructure and attracting relevant investments over the next decade. This could generate substantial economic benefits and employment opportunities for the metropolis.<br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />The scenario analysis revealed that the power dynamics within Tehran Metropolis were shaped by the city's resources and its central, focal position as the country's capital. The various actors engaged in these power relations leveraged their influences to determine the fate of the city's resources and development. The power dynamics had evolved over time, with some periods seeing the actors successfully promote the metropolis's advancement, while they had been unable to create the necessary conditions for the city's progress in other eras. To propel Tehran onto the global stage and establish it as a regional global city, the key actors had to devise and implement appropriate strategies that enable the metropolis to actively engage with international currents and trends. The analysis suggested that the path to addressing the problems and challenges faced by Tehran as the political capital lay in leveraging the drivers of the city's geopolitics and urban diplomacy. Pursuing this approach could facilitate the comprehensive development of the metropolis in the future. The findings underscored the need for the key stakeholders, including the government, private sector, and civil society, to collaborate in crafting and executing well-informed strategies that harnessed Tehran's inherent strengths and position to catalyze its transformation into a globally influential metropolis. This would require a nuanced understanding of the complex power dynamics shaping the city's trajectory and the ability to navigate them effectively.<br />  <strong>Abstract</strong><br />As the center of developments on local, regional, national, and global scales, and the site of influential actors, Tehran's metropolitan area has long been a stage for political power dynamics. Additionally, the presence of geopolitical drivers has further elevated its position in power relations. The central question of this research was this: What are the drivers and future scenarios of power relations in Tehran Metropolis? This was an applied research study with an exploratory nature. To answer the research question, indicators were extracted through a multi-stage interview process involving 30 elite experts and an elite panel. The Delphi method was also used to screen the propellants. The data were analyzed using the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software. The research results revealed 45 possible situations across 7 scenarios with strong and likely compatibilities. Based on the scenario table of geopolitical drivers affecting the future of power relations in Tehran Metropolis, 33.33% were in a favorable situation, 41.6% were in a semi-favorable situation, and 25% were in a static situation. The 1^st and 2^nd scenario boards were the most prominent in terms of position.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords</strong><strong><em>:</em></strong> Tehran Metropolis, Urban Geopolitics, Power Relations, Scenario Writing, Future Studies.<br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />As the preeminent metropolis of Iran, Tehran is home to a multitude of influential actors, who play a significant role in its power dynamics. The more access these actors have to geopolitical drivers, the greater their influences will be across local, regional, national, and global scales. Consequently, understanding the geopolitical drivers shaping Tehran Metropolis is of utmost importance. Gaining insight into these drivers can significantly aid scholars of urban geopolitics in developing a more accurate and realistic vision of the future power relations between the various actors within Tehran's metropolitan area. The geopolitical importance of Tehran is only set to grow as power relations in the city increasingly transcend local boundaries. Therefore, a more thorough and pragmatic understanding of the goals and motivations of the key actors can lead to the formulation of more precise and actionable strategies. Given this context, the central question guiding the present research was this: What are the drivers and future scenarios of power relations in Tehran Metropolis?<br /> <br /><strong>Materials & Methods</strong><br />This research employed a mixed quantitative-qualitative approach. To address the central research question, relevant indicators were extracted through a multi-stage interview process involving 30 elite experts and an elite panel and then refined using structural analysis. Based on these indicators, the future scenarios were developed. The Delphi method and an elite panel were utilized to screen and refine these indicators. Structural analysis of the research question was conducted using the MICMAC software and Scenario Wizard, employing the Cross-Impact Balance (CIB) method. The resulting futures presented were exploratory in nature. This exploratory research aimed to investigate the various interactions between forces and components, revealing a multitude of alternative future possibilities. This approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the complex power dynamics and geopolitical drivers shaping the future of Tehran Metropolis.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />The scenario analysis revealed 45 possible situations across 7 scenarios with strong and probable compatibilities. Based on the scenario table, 33.33, 41.6, and 25% of the situations were in favorable, semi-favorable, and static conditions, respectively.<br />The key findings indicated that Tehran Metropolis would maintain a central and focal position, with the status quo unlikely to change in terms of its role as the capital and economic center of the country. This was due to its ease of access to production and consumption markets, as well as its ability to attract greater investment and private sector engagement compared to other cities. Furthermore, Tehran's central and pivotal position was reflected in its political and administrative centrality, with the city continuing to host the headquarters of all government organizations and institutions. This was likely to impede the implementation of spatial justice initiatives that would allow other cities to benefit from the presence of these central institutions. The combination of economic, political, and administrative advantages had contributed to Tehran's large population and increased demand for services and facilities. This, in turn, was expected to heighten the city's influence in future electoral processes, with the outcome of many national elections potentially hinging on the voting patterns in Tehran. Additionally, the concentration of financial and economic activities in Tehran was expected to result in faster business and administrative processes compared to other cities, further strengthening the city's appeal for investors and property owners. However, to enhance Tehran's position in the realm of sports geopolitics, such as hosting major Asian and global sporting events, the city would need to focus on developing its sports tourism infrastructure and attracting relevant investments over the next decade. This could generate substantial economic benefits and employment opportunities for the metropolis.<br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />The scenario analysis revealed that the power dynamics within Tehran Metropolis were shaped by the city's resources and its central, focal position as the country's capital. The various actors engaged in these power relations leveraged their influences to determine the fate of the city's resources and development. The power dynamics had evolved over time, with some periods seeing the actors successfully promote the metropolis's advancement, while they had been unable to create the necessary conditions for the city's progress in other eras. To propel Tehran onto the global stage and establish it as a regional global city, the key actors had to devise and implement appropriate strategies that enable the metropolis to actively engage with international currents and trends. The analysis suggested that the path to addressing the problems and challenges faced by Tehran as the political capital lay in leveraging the drivers of the city's geopolitics and urban diplomacy. Pursuing this approach could facilitate the comprehensive development of the metropolis in the future. The findings underscored the need for the key stakeholders, including the government, private sector, and civil society, to collaborate in crafting and executing well-informed strategies that harnessed Tehran's inherent strengths and position to catalyze its transformation into a globally influential metropolis. This would require a nuanced understanding of the complex power dynamics shaping the city's trajectory and the ability to navigate them effectively.<br />  https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28474_e562788003ce4714f023e19b9e51e52e.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 3 2024 09 22 Spatial Analysis of Factors Affecting the Formation of Smart Rural Tourism (Case Study: Tourism-Oriented Villages in Eastern Kermanshah Province) Spatial Analysis of Factors Affecting the Formation of Smart Rural Tourism (Case Study: Tourism-Oriented Villages in Eastern Kermanshah Province) 87 114 28514 10.22108/sppl.2024.141126.1782 FA Aliakbar Anabestani Professor in the Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Sajjad Barani Aliakbari M.Sc. student of Geography and Rural Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 09 <strong>Abstract</strong><br />Objective<strong><em>:</em></strong> Smart tourism utilizes communication and information technologies to enhance the visitor experience at tourist destinations. Integration of smart tourism concepts is particularly important in rural areas. By leveraging smart technologies, villages can promote their businesses and improve their tourism infrastructure. The aim of this study was to examine and analyze the factors influencing the development of smart tourism in tourism-oriented villages in eastern Kermanshah Province. Method: This study employed a descriptive-analytical research design. Data were collected through a combination of methods, including a documentary review of library resources and scientific journals, as well as field surveys using questionnaires. The information required for the study of smart rural tourism and its indicators was gathered based on the background literature and regional context. Out of a total of 1,191 rural households, a sample of 215 respondents was selected using Cochran’s formula with a 0.065% margin of error. The one-sample t-test was used to measure the level of smart rural tourism according to the type of data, drawing from Pearson correlation tests. To analyze the impacts of the examined factors on smart rural tourism, the CRITIC weighting and COCOSO ranking methods were used based on the type of data. Additionally, factor analysis was conducted to further explore the impacts of the factors on smart rural tourism. For the statistical analyses, JAMOVI software was utilized, while GIS software was employed for spatial analysis. Findings: The results indicated that the concept of smart rural tourism was characterized by a set of indicators related to smart economy, smart governance, smart infrastructure, smart people, smart connectivity, and smart education. The one-sample t-test revealed that among the indicators of smart rural tourism, the indices of smart governance, smart people, smart economy, and smart education were the most important factors in the studied villages. Specifically, the mean scores for smart governance and smart people were 3.95, while the mean scores for smart economy and smart education were 3.90, suggesting these were the most influential components of smart rural tourism in the research context.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong> Smart Tourism, Target Tourism-Oriented Villages, Spatial Analysis, Factor Analysis, Kermanshah Province.<br /> <br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Over the past decades, the tourism industry has undergone significant changes and developments, largely driven by the rapid growth of technology. As a result, tourism has been increasingly influenced by various innovative approaches, including the concept of "smart tourism". The smart tourism approach has emerged as a response to transformations in the global system enabled by technological advancements. This approach aims to improve resource management efficiency, maximize competitiveness, and enhance sustainability of tourism through the utilization of innovative and technology-focused methods. Given the varying characteristics and contexts of different regions, development of appropriate structures and infrastructure is a crucial consideration. In the case of rural areas, it is necessary to shift from traditional structures to smart structures in order to facilitate the implementation of smart tourism initiatives. Compared to urban settings, rural areas often face unique challenges, which necessitate a thorough understanding and assessment of the current status of smart tourism, identification of existing obstacles, and provision of fundamental solutions to overcome them. This study focused on the spatial analysis of the factors influencing the formation of a smart rural tourism approach in the target tourism-oriented villages in the eastern region of Kermanshah Province.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />This research employed an applied, descriptive-analytical approach. The study investigated the factors influencing the formation of a smart rural tourism in 7 target tourism villages located in the eastern counties of Kermanshah Province (Harsin, Sahneh, Songhar, and Kangavar). According to the 2016 census, these villages had a total population of 3,888 individuals in 1,191 households. To determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used with a 0.65 error rate, resulting in a sample of 215 individuals. The sample was allocated proportionally based on the number of households in each village.<br />Allocation of the sample size across the villages was considered with the objective of analyzing the target settlements for tourism in the study area. A minimum of 10 questionnaires were allocated to each village with the remaining questionnaires distributed proportionally based on the number of households in each village. It is worth noting that the target population of this study consisted of villages with a focus on tourism. Some villages, such as Gara Ban, had gained global recognition and were home to a sect called Ahl-e Haqq Atash Beige or Mashayekhi, who had been actively working to build, maintain, and develop the location using the resources and assistance of their followers. To assess the level of smart rural tourism based on the data type, Pearson correlation tests and one-sample t-tests were employed. Furthermore, due to the need to classify the villages in terms of their progress toward smart rural tourism, weighting methods, such as CRITIC and ranking methods like COCOSO, were used, depending on the data type. Additionally, factor analysis was utilized to analyze the impacts of the examined factors on smart rural tourism. For the statistical analyses, JAMOVI software was used, while GIS software was employed for spatial mapping.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />To identify the influential factors, 41 variables were entered into the analysis. Principal component analysis using orthogonal rotation and Varimax type was employed to analyze the factors affecting the formation of smart rural tourism in the target villages located in the eastern counties of Kermanshah Province. Based on the eigenvalues, which represented the share of each factor in the total variance of the variables (with higher values indicating more important and influential factors), the variables were classified into 17 factors. These 17 factors collectively explained 62.80% of the total variance of the factors influencing the formation of smart rural tourism in the target villages. According to the CRITIC method, the factors with the highest weights were tourism economy (0.086), awareness and media (0.076), electronic security (0.073), and electronic marketing (0.072), while media networks (0.037) and trust in virtual spaces (0.044) had the lowest weights among the 17 factors of smart rural tourism. The CoCoSo method was used to rank the villages in terms of their progress toward smart rural tourism. Gara Ban Village ranked first with a final score of 2.266 followed by Kunduleh Village (2.070), Charmaleh Alya Village (1.988), Najobran Village (1.987), and Fash Village (1.925). Villages of Barnaj and Varmaghan ranked 6^th and 7^th, respectively, indicating that these villages were not in a favorable position in terms of smart rural tourism.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />Rural areas play a vital role in economic development and their contribution cannot be overlooked. Village as one of the pillars of the settlement system holds special importance. This significance is evident through the influence of various economic sectors, with tourism being a prominent one. Tourism is a social phenomenon that contributes to employment generation and poverty reduction. Smart tourism refers to the use of communication and information technologies to enhance the tourist experience at destinations. In smart tourism, technologies, such as the internet, mobile phones, smart systems, and digital mapping, are employed to provide tourists with necessary information and services. The position of smart tourism in villages is crucial and impactful. By utilizing smart technologies, villages can promote their businesses and enhance their tourism infrastructures. Furthermore, smart systems enable villages to attract tourists more efficiently and compete with larger areas like cities. Smart rural tourism is an innovative approach in the tourism industry that aims to improve tourist experience and enhance the productivity of rural areas by leveraging advanced technologies. This type of tourism seeks to use technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other modern tools to improve communication between tourists and rural environments, increase informational and recreational activities, preserve the environment, boost the local economy, and create a unique experience for visitors. In summary, smart rural tourism not only focuses on enhancing tourist experience, but also contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas and preservation of their cultures and natures by combining technology with the tourism industry.<br />  <strong>Abstract</strong><br />Objective<strong><em>:</em></strong> Smart tourism utilizes communication and information technologies to enhance the visitor experience at tourist destinations. Integration of smart tourism concepts is particularly important in rural areas. By leveraging smart technologies, villages can promote their businesses and improve their tourism infrastructure. The aim of this study was to examine and analyze the factors influencing the development of smart tourism in tourism-oriented villages in eastern Kermanshah Province. Method: This study employed a descriptive-analytical research design. Data were collected through a combination of methods, including a documentary review of library resources and scientific journals, as well as field surveys using questionnaires. The information required for the study of smart rural tourism and its indicators was gathered based on the background literature and regional context. Out of a total of 1,191 rural households, a sample of 215 respondents was selected using Cochran’s formula with a 0.065% margin of error. The one-sample t-test was used to measure the level of smart rural tourism according to the type of data, drawing from Pearson correlation tests. To analyze the impacts of the examined factors on smart rural tourism, the CRITIC weighting and COCOSO ranking methods were used based on the type of data. Additionally, factor analysis was conducted to further explore the impacts of the factors on smart rural tourism. For the statistical analyses, JAMOVI software was utilized, while GIS software was employed for spatial analysis. Findings: The results indicated that the concept of smart rural tourism was characterized by a set of indicators related to smart economy, smart governance, smart infrastructure, smart people, smart connectivity, and smart education. The one-sample t-test revealed that among the indicators of smart rural tourism, the indices of smart governance, smart people, smart economy, and smart education were the most important factors in the studied villages. Specifically, the mean scores for smart governance and smart people were 3.95, while the mean scores for smart economy and smart education were 3.90, suggesting these were the most influential components of smart rural tourism in the research context.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong> Smart Tourism, Target Tourism-Oriented Villages, Spatial Analysis, Factor Analysis, Kermanshah Province.<br /> <br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Over the past decades, the tourism industry has undergone significant changes and developments, largely driven by the rapid growth of technology. As a result, tourism has been increasingly influenced by various innovative approaches, including the concept of "smart tourism". The smart tourism approach has emerged as a response to transformations in the global system enabled by technological advancements. This approach aims to improve resource management efficiency, maximize competitiveness, and enhance sustainability of tourism through the utilization of innovative and technology-focused methods. Given the varying characteristics and contexts of different regions, development of appropriate structures and infrastructure is a crucial consideration. In the case of rural areas, it is necessary to shift from traditional structures to smart structures in order to facilitate the implementation of smart tourism initiatives. Compared to urban settings, rural areas often face unique challenges, which necessitate a thorough understanding and assessment of the current status of smart tourism, identification of existing obstacles, and provision of fundamental solutions to overcome them. This study focused on the spatial analysis of the factors influencing the formation of a smart rural tourism approach in the target tourism-oriented villages in the eastern region of Kermanshah Province.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />This research employed an applied, descriptive-analytical approach. The study investigated the factors influencing the formation of a smart rural tourism in 7 target tourism villages located in the eastern counties of Kermanshah Province (Harsin, Sahneh, Songhar, and Kangavar). According to the 2016 census, these villages had a total population of 3,888 individuals in 1,191 households. To determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used with a 0.65 error rate, resulting in a sample of 215 individuals. The sample was allocated proportionally based on the number of households in each village.<br />Allocation of the sample size across the villages was considered with the objective of analyzing the target settlements for tourism in the study area. A minimum of 10 questionnaires were allocated to each village with the remaining questionnaires distributed proportionally based on the number of households in each village. It is worth noting that the target population of this study consisted of villages with a focus on tourism. Some villages, such as Gara Ban, had gained global recognition and were home to a sect called Ahl-e Haqq Atash Beige or Mashayekhi, who had been actively working to build, maintain, and develop the location using the resources and assistance of their followers. To assess the level of smart rural tourism based on the data type, Pearson correlation tests and one-sample t-tests were employed. Furthermore, due to the need to classify the villages in terms of their progress toward smart rural tourism, weighting methods, such as CRITIC and ranking methods like COCOSO, were used, depending on the data type. Additionally, factor analysis was utilized to analyze the impacts of the examined factors on smart rural tourism. For the statistical analyses, JAMOVI software was used, while GIS software was employed for spatial mapping.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />To identify the influential factors, 41 variables were entered into the analysis. Principal component analysis using orthogonal rotation and Varimax type was employed to analyze the factors affecting the formation of smart rural tourism in the target villages located in the eastern counties of Kermanshah Province. Based on the eigenvalues, which represented the share of each factor in the total variance of the variables (with higher values indicating more important and influential factors), the variables were classified into 17 factors. These 17 factors collectively explained 62.80% of the total variance of the factors influencing the formation of smart rural tourism in the target villages. According to the CRITIC method, the factors with the highest weights were tourism economy (0.086), awareness and media (0.076), electronic security (0.073), and electronic marketing (0.072), while media networks (0.037) and trust in virtual spaces (0.044) had the lowest weights among the 17 factors of smart rural tourism. The CoCoSo method was used to rank the villages in terms of their progress toward smart rural tourism. Gara Ban Village ranked first with a final score of 2.266 followed by Kunduleh Village (2.070), Charmaleh Alya Village (1.988), Najobran Village (1.987), and Fash Village (1.925). Villages of Barnaj and Varmaghan ranked 6^th and 7^th, respectively, indicating that these villages were not in a favorable position in terms of smart rural tourism.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />Rural areas play a vital role in economic development and their contribution cannot be overlooked. Village as one of the pillars of the settlement system holds special importance. This significance is evident through the influence of various economic sectors, with tourism being a prominent one. Tourism is a social phenomenon that contributes to employment generation and poverty reduction. Smart tourism refers to the use of communication and information technologies to enhance the tourist experience at destinations. In smart tourism, technologies, such as the internet, mobile phones, smart systems, and digital mapping, are employed to provide tourists with necessary information and services. The position of smart tourism in villages is crucial and impactful. By utilizing smart technologies, villages can promote their businesses and enhance their tourism infrastructures. Furthermore, smart systems enable villages to attract tourists more efficiently and compete with larger areas like cities. Smart rural tourism is an innovative approach in the tourism industry that aims to improve tourist experience and enhance the productivity of rural areas by leveraging advanced technologies. This type of tourism seeks to use technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other modern tools to improve communication between tourists and rural environments, increase informational and recreational activities, preserve the environment, boost the local economy, and create a unique experience for visitors. In summary, smart rural tourism not only focuses on enhancing tourist experience, but also contributes to the sustainable development of rural areas and preservation of their cultures and natures by combining technology with the tourism industry.<br />  https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28514_6fef4d7594a7feb9ebea369f7c8bdd67.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 3 2024 09 22 Assessment and Optimization of Hydrological Connectivity for Effective Management of Water Resources in the Samian Watershed Assessment and Optimization of Hydrological Connectivity for Effective Management of Water Resources in the Samian Watershed 115 138 28598 10.22108/sppl.2024.139234.1749 FA Zeinab Hazbavi Associate professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Water Management Research Center, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Nazila Alaei Ph.D. student, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0003-2258-6834 Journal Article 2023 09 24 <strong> </strong><br /><strong>Abstract</strong><br />Water scarcity has become a critical issue in some regions. Accordingly, increasing attention has been given to the structural and functional connectivity of river networks as the primary source of surface water supply, while this can be a potential watershed-scale management solution. However, assessment of hydrological connectivity remains understudied in Iran. This pioneering research aimed to evaluate and optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed to enhance protection and management of water resources and improve hydrological performance. The results showed that the hydrological network in the Samian Watershed with a total length of 1254.73 km had 173 links and 176 nodes. The river chain node ratio (β), actual bonding degree (γ), Index of Integration of Connectivity (IIC), and Probability of Connectivity (PC) were calculated to be 0.983, 0.331, 5.66, and 1.151, respectively. The hydrological structure of the Samian Watershed in the plain areas exhibited weak connectivity. After optimization, the center of gravity of water circulation shifted southward at different connectivity levels. Increasing the optimization level up to Level 4 resulted in an improvement in the hydrological connectivity indices within the Samian Watershed. While the overall connectivity showed a sudden increase after the 4^th optimization level, the IIC increased but then decreased beyond Level 4. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed up to Level 4 for effective management of water resources.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong><em> </em>Spatial Analysis, Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR), River Network Structure, Connectivity Index, Water Resource.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />River networks are formed over long periods through the interplay of topographic, geological, hydrological, and erosional processes. However, human interventions, particularly in recent decades, have significantly altered these natural river systems. Industrialization and the growing water demands of human societies, especially in developing countries, have led to an increase in ecological disturbances, such as dam construction, river water extraction, inter-basin water transfer, and channel modification. These intense human activities have caused the deterioration of water ecosystem structure and function, exacerbating water scarcity at local, regional, national, and global levels. Considering the effects of climate change on intensifying the water crisis, various researchers and organizations have emphasized the need to restore river networks and ensure the availability of surface water resources at the watershed scale. Hydrological connectivity at the watershed level refers to the longitudinal transfer of water, sediment, pollutants, and aquatic organisms from the upstream to the downstream areas, which is related to the watershed convergence process. Evaluating the level of hydrological connectivity is crucial for increasing managers and experts' knowledge and understanding of the spatial heterogeneity in hydrodynamic and geomorphological processes, thereby promoting sustainable watershed management and conservation. Against this backdrop, the present research was conducted to investigate the structural hydrological connectivity and its optimization with the aim of river restoration in the Samian Watershed.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The study area, the Samian Watershed, covers an area of 4236 km², representing 24% of the total area of Ardabil Province. This watershed includes 3 main rivers (Qarasu, Qori Chai, and Neor), each with several branches. The maximum and minimum altitudes are 4788 and 1200 m, respectively, with an average slope of 16.49%. The average annual rainfall in the region is estimated to be 351.52 mm. The assessment and optimization of the structural hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed were based on remote sensing, geographic information systems, graph theory, and binary theory. After constructing the hydrological network of the Samian Watershed, several connectivity indices were calculated to capture the internal complexity of the water flow transfer path network:<br /><br />River chain node ratio (β): Calculated to represent the degree of branching in the river network<br />Actual bonding degree (γ): Determined to show the level of connectivity in the river network<br />Index of Integration of Connectivity (IIC): Extracted based on binary theory using Conefor Sensinode 2.6 software to represent the overall connectivity of the transmission path network<br />Probability of Connectivity (PC): Also derived from binary theory to indicate the overall connectivity of the transmission path network<br /><br />The cost of water connection resistance was determined based on topographical, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors. 5 optimization levels were then defined according to the priority of optimization. The migration of the gravity center model was obtained using the mean center tool in ArcMap 10.8. Discrete water bodies were selected as optimization targets and the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model was used to determine the optimal connection paths with the least obstacles to hydrological circulation. By combining ecological and geomorphological concepts, the optimization objectives were linked to the existing water systems to improve the overall hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />Analysis of the water areas in the Samian Watershed revealed that the general flow direction was from the northwest to the east, southeast, and southwest. The land surface in the southeast was relatively uneven and the water network was distributed accordingly. Water zones were mainly spread in the center of the watershed. Water resources in the Samian Watershed had been developed due to cultivation and urban development, which had led to a significant risk of excessive use and unequal distribution of water resources across different temporal and spatial scales. The results showed that the hydrological network of the river had a total length of 1254.73 km with 173 links and 176 nodes. The calculated connectivity indices were as follows:<br /><br />River chain node ratio (β): 0.983<br />Actual bonding degree (γ): 0.331<br />IIC: 5.66<br />PC: 1.151<br /><br />The hydrological structure of the Samian Watershed in the plain areas exhibited weak connectivity. After optimization, the migration of the center of gravity of water circulation shifted to the south. The presence of independent water zones was observed in areas with relatively low slopes compared to their surroundings. 7 optimization objectives were considered at each level to increase the connectivity between the independent water zones. At Optimization Level 2, 14 nodes and 14 edges were added to the river network. By increasing the optimization level to 4, the hydrological connectivity indices in the Samian Watershed also increased. The overall connectivity showed a sudden increase after 4 levels of optimization, following an incremental trend. In contrast, the IIC increased but experienced a decreasing trend after Level 4. Therefore, it is appropriate to optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed up to Level 4.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />Results of the assessment and optimization of hydrological connectivity are significant for the protection of vulnerable and discrete water bodies in watersheds and improvement of ecological processes in these water bodies. In this research, a framework was developed to assess and optimize the connectivity of natural and artificial hydrological structures at the watershed scale using graph and binary theories. Spatial analysis of cost distance and center of gravity in the watershed was also conducted across 5 optimization levels. The difference in slope in the region had led to the creation of independent water zones. These independent water zones were located separately from the main river network and, as a result, contributed little to the hydrological cycle and energy transfer in the watershed, making them more fragile. To protect these water zones from destruction and disappearance and improve the overall ecological function of the water system, they had to be integrated into the hydrological connection pattern. The analysis showed that each hydrological connectivity index exhibited an increasing trend with increasing optimization level. It could be concluded that up to Optimization Level 4, the hydrological structural connectivity indices tended to increase with the increase of optimization level. Hydrological connectivity was necessary at the first optimization level in the Samian Watershed river and the third optimization level could be a more economical and appropriate choice. The numbers of corresponding edges and nodes for small areas, such as agricultural watersheds, can be considered as effective factors in the results. Each identified natural hydraulic connection path can be managed. Therefore, the results of the current research emphasize the necessity of watershed planning and management by considering the changes in hydrological connectivity caused by structural changes in the river network.<br />  <strong> </strong><br /><strong>Abstract</strong><br />Water scarcity has become a critical issue in some regions. Accordingly, increasing attention has been given to the structural and functional connectivity of river networks as the primary source of surface water supply, while this can be a potential watershed-scale management solution. However, assessment of hydrological connectivity remains understudied in Iran. This pioneering research aimed to evaluate and optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed to enhance protection and management of water resources and improve hydrological performance. The results showed that the hydrological network in the Samian Watershed with a total length of 1254.73 km had 173 links and 176 nodes. The river chain node ratio (β), actual bonding degree (γ), Index of Integration of Connectivity (IIC), and Probability of Connectivity (PC) were calculated to be 0.983, 0.331, 5.66, and 1.151, respectively. The hydrological structure of the Samian Watershed in the plain areas exhibited weak connectivity. After optimization, the center of gravity of water circulation shifted southward at different connectivity levels. Increasing the optimization level up to Level 4 resulted in an improvement in the hydrological connectivity indices within the Samian Watershed. While the overall connectivity showed a sudden increase after the 4^th optimization level, the IIC increased but then decreased beyond Level 4. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed up to Level 4 for effective management of water resources.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong><em> </em>Spatial Analysis, Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR), River Network Structure, Connectivity Index, Water Resource.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />River networks are formed over long periods through the interplay of topographic, geological, hydrological, and erosional processes. However, human interventions, particularly in recent decades, have significantly altered these natural river systems. Industrialization and the growing water demands of human societies, especially in developing countries, have led to an increase in ecological disturbances, such as dam construction, river water extraction, inter-basin water transfer, and channel modification. These intense human activities have caused the deterioration of water ecosystem structure and function, exacerbating water scarcity at local, regional, national, and global levels. Considering the effects of climate change on intensifying the water crisis, various researchers and organizations have emphasized the need to restore river networks and ensure the availability of surface water resources at the watershed scale. Hydrological connectivity at the watershed level refers to the longitudinal transfer of water, sediment, pollutants, and aquatic organisms from the upstream to the downstream areas, which is related to the watershed convergence process. Evaluating the level of hydrological connectivity is crucial for increasing managers and experts' knowledge and understanding of the spatial heterogeneity in hydrodynamic and geomorphological processes, thereby promoting sustainable watershed management and conservation. Against this backdrop, the present research was conducted to investigate the structural hydrological connectivity and its optimization with the aim of river restoration in the Samian Watershed.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong><br />The study area, the Samian Watershed, covers an area of 4236 km², representing 24% of the total area of Ardabil Province. This watershed includes 3 main rivers (Qarasu, Qori Chai, and Neor), each with several branches. The maximum and minimum altitudes are 4788 and 1200 m, respectively, with an average slope of 16.49%. The average annual rainfall in the region is estimated to be 351.52 mm. The assessment and optimization of the structural hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed were based on remote sensing, geographic information systems, graph theory, and binary theory. After constructing the hydrological network of the Samian Watershed, several connectivity indices were calculated to capture the internal complexity of the water flow transfer path network:<br /><br />River chain node ratio (β): Calculated to represent the degree of branching in the river network<br />Actual bonding degree (γ): Determined to show the level of connectivity in the river network<br />Index of Integration of Connectivity (IIC): Extracted based on binary theory using Conefor Sensinode 2.6 software to represent the overall connectivity of the transmission path network<br />Probability of Connectivity (PC): Also derived from binary theory to indicate the overall connectivity of the transmission path network<br /><br />The cost of water connection resistance was determined based on topographical, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors. 5 optimization levels were then defined according to the priority of optimization. The migration of the gravity center model was obtained using the mean center tool in ArcMap 10.8. Discrete water bodies were selected as optimization targets and the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model was used to determine the optimal connection paths with the least obstacles to hydrological circulation. By combining ecological and geomorphological concepts, the optimization objectives were linked to the existing water systems to improve the overall hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />Analysis of the water areas in the Samian Watershed revealed that the general flow direction was from the northwest to the east, southeast, and southwest. The land surface in the southeast was relatively uneven and the water network was distributed accordingly. Water zones were mainly spread in the center of the watershed. Water resources in the Samian Watershed had been developed due to cultivation and urban development, which had led to a significant risk of excessive use and unequal distribution of water resources across different temporal and spatial scales. The results showed that the hydrological network of the river had a total length of 1254.73 km with 173 links and 176 nodes. The calculated connectivity indices were as follows:<br /><br />River chain node ratio (β): 0.983<br />Actual bonding degree (γ): 0.331<br />IIC: 5.66<br />PC: 1.151<br /><br />The hydrological structure of the Samian Watershed in the plain areas exhibited weak connectivity. After optimization, the migration of the center of gravity of water circulation shifted to the south. The presence of independent water zones was observed in areas with relatively low slopes compared to their surroundings. 7 optimization objectives were considered at each level to increase the connectivity between the independent water zones. At Optimization Level 2, 14 nodes and 14 edges were added to the river network. By increasing the optimization level to 4, the hydrological connectivity indices in the Samian Watershed also increased. The overall connectivity showed a sudden increase after 4 levels of optimization, following an incremental trend. In contrast, the IIC increased but experienced a decreasing trend after Level 4. Therefore, it is appropriate to optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed up to Level 4.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />Results of the assessment and optimization of hydrological connectivity are significant for the protection of vulnerable and discrete water bodies in watersheds and improvement of ecological processes in these water bodies. In this research, a framework was developed to assess and optimize the connectivity of natural and artificial hydrological structures at the watershed scale using graph and binary theories. Spatial analysis of cost distance and center of gravity in the watershed was also conducted across 5 optimization levels. The difference in slope in the region had led to the creation of independent water zones. These independent water zones were located separately from the main river network and, as a result, contributed little to the hydrological cycle and energy transfer in the watershed, making them more fragile. To protect these water zones from destruction and disappearance and improve the overall ecological function of the water system, they had to be integrated into the hydrological connection pattern. The analysis showed that each hydrological connectivity index exhibited an increasing trend with increasing optimization level. It could be concluded that up to Optimization Level 4, the hydrological structural connectivity indices tended to increase with the increase of optimization level. Hydrological connectivity was necessary at the first optimization level in the Samian Watershed river and the third optimization level could be a more economical and appropriate choice. The numbers of corresponding edges and nodes for small areas, such as agricultural watersheds, can be considered as effective factors in the results. Each identified natural hydraulic connection path can be managed. Therefore, the results of the current research emphasize the necessity of watershed planning and management by considering the changes in hydrological connectivity caused by structural changes in the river network.<br />  https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28598_2fd0c8cf4663176e5b4a6e4a739d0863.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 3 2024 09 22 Leveraging Local Community Capacities for Sustainable Security: A Case Study of the Border Villages in Darmiyan and Sarbisheh Counties Leveraging Local Community Capacities for Sustainable Security: A Case Study of the Border Villages in Darmiyan and Sarbisheh Counties 139 160 28599 10.22108/sppl.2024.141838.1795 FA Javad Mikaniki Associate professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran 0009-0008-8108-0116 Journal Article 2024 06 17 <strong>Abstract</strong><br />Background<strong>:</strong> The sustainable security of rural settlements is a topic that has been studied from various perspectives by using different approaches. <strong><em>Purpose:</em></strong> This article explored an integration-oriented approach to reveal the capacities of the local community in achieving sustainable security in the rural border settlements of Darmiyan and Sarbisheh Counties in Southern Khorasan. <strong><em>Research </em></strong>Method: The study employed a quantitative, descriptive-analytical research method with a survey approach. The statistical population consisted of 62 rural settlements within 30 kilometers of the common border with Afghanistan, comprising 4,502 households. A non-probability method was used for sampling at the village level, while a random-stratified probability method was employed at the household level. The sample size was 354 rural households, which was calculated using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire examining variables related to participation, trust, cohesion, and social solidarity. Findings: The results indicated that the components of participation, trust, and social solidarity had a significant impact on sustainable security from the local community's perspective. Furthermore, the research confirmed a favorable mentality towards social components in rural areas, which could foster the growth and development of security and its dissemination to weaker rural areas.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong> Sustainable Security, Social Participation, Social Trust, Social Cohesion.<br /> <br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />A rural community refers to a set of human behaviors and interactions that take place in villages. The fundamental characteristics of rural society can be examined from an economic and social perspective. Economically, rural areas typically rely on a subsistence-based economy dependent on the agricultural sector. Socially, they are often marked by cooperation, mutual assistance, homogeneity, and cultural unity. The settlement patterns in rural areas are influenced by natural, economic, and social factors. Social institutions are relatively stable patterns of behavior or a set of relationships, trends, and tools that are built around social interests and needs. Investigating and analyzing the capacities of rural societies, especially in border areas, based on their economic and social characteristics are of particular importance. South Khorasan Province shares a 331-kilometer border with Afghanistan, spanning the counties of Nahbandan, Sarbisheh, Darmiyan, and Zirkoh. This border region has long been considered one of the safest in the country's east and southeast. The purpose of this research was to identify the capacities of the local community in the border settlements of Sarbisheh and Darmiyan Counties, particularly in terms of social activities, such as participation and social cohesion, as well as cultural institutions.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials & Methods</strong><br />This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach and was considered an applied research. The required data were collected using both library research and a survey method. The primary data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was administered after establishing its validity and reliability among the research sample population. The main components of the research included collaborative capacities, social trust, cohesion, and social solidarity, which were measured through 33 Likert-scale items (5 options). The collected survey data were analyzed using both descriptive (central tendency and dispersion indices) and inferential statistics. Due to the non-normal distribution of the data, the research hypotheses were tested using the binomial test. The statistical population consisted of the villages located in the Gezik and Tabas sections of Darmiyan County (33 villages) and the villages in the Doroh and Lano sections of Sarbisheh County (65 villages). Sampling was conducted at two levels: first, the villages within 30 kilometers of the common border with Afghanistan were included, totaling 62 villages; then, at the household level, a simple random probability sampling method was utilized.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />The area studied in this research included the border villages of Darmiyan and Sarbisheh Counties in South Khorasan Province. Darmiyan City is located between 32°33' and 33°21' north latitude and 59°28' and 60°41' east longitude. Sarbisheh City, on the other hand, is situated between 32°02' and 32°56' north latitude and 59°13' and 60°53' east longitude. Darmiyan comprises 4 districts, 4 cities, and 3 villages, covering an area of 5,816 m². Sarbisheh, with 3 districts, 3 cities, and 6 villages, spans an area of 7,928 m²and shares a border with Afghanistan. This research focused on the border settlements located within the border districts and villages of these two cities. The research findings indicated that the component of people's participation in solving rural problems had the highest average score of 4.29 among the variables examined. From the perspective of the majority of respondents, the cooperative spirit of villagers had a highly influential role in achieving sustainable security. Additionally, the will and collective awareness in solving problems were also considered important, ranking in the second or third highest categories. Since the average for the other variables was higher than 3 (the midpoint), it could be concluded that the majority of respondents perceived the impacts of all variables on realizing stable security to be above average. Regarding social trust, the trust of family members in each other scored the highest with an average of 4.2. This was followed by trust in relatives and friends, while trust in official and government organizations ranked the lowest. However, as the average for all social trust variables exceeded 3, it could be said that from the perspective of the local community, social trust, particularly within family, friends, and neighbors, was seen as effective in realizing sustainable security. The research examined the impact of cohesion and solidarity on the realization of sustainable security from the perspective of the local community. The findings indicated that the variables of family relationships and ties, religious and ideological convergence, and interaction with each other scored above 4 (on a high scale), suggesting a relatively high level of internal convergence within the local community in the border settlements. While political and party solidarity had the lowest average among the variables, the average for all variables was still above 3.5, indicating that the different aspects of cohesion and solidarity were seen as contributing to sustainable security in the studied area.<br /><strong><em>Hypothesis 1:</em></strong> Collaborative capacities in the studied area have been highly effective in achieving sustainable security.<br />The observed ratio in the second group was much higher than the first group and the p-value supported the researcher's hypothesis that the participation capacities within the rural community had been highly effective in achieving sustainable security.<br /><strong><em>Hypothesis 2:</em></strong> Social trust in the study area has been highly effective in achieving stable security.<br />The observed ratio in the second group was much higher than the first group and the p-value confirmed the researcher's hypothesis that the social trust component within the rural community had been highly effective in achieving stable security.<br /><strong><em>Hypothesis 3:</em></strong> The cohesion and solidarity of the local community has been very effective in achieving sustainable security.<br />The observed ratio in the second group was much higher than the first group and the p-value supported the researcher's hypothesis that social cohesion and solidarity within the rural community had been highly effective in achieving sustainable security.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />The results of the present study indicated that participation capacities, both in terms of mental engagement (people's mindset towards participation, cooperative thinking, and collective will to solve problems) and objective aspects (including participation among villagers and in public/social activities), were at an upper level in the studied area. Regarding the social component, the local community perceived interpersonal trust, generalized trust, and institutional trust (mostly in non-official and non-governmental institutions) to be largely present. Similarly, social cohesion and solidarity (in-group and inter-group interactions and relations, as well as out-group relations) were evaluated at a high level. The findings of this research are consistent with the results obtained by previous studies, such as those conducted by Kladivo (2012), Geertrui et al. (2013), and Bazarafshan and Tulabinejad (2015). Based on the results, it is suggested that in addition to prioritizing native and local values and strengthening effective social institutions (e.g., Dispute Resolution Council), attention should be paid to people with social influence. Furthermore, the constructive interaction of official institutions (e.g., Islamic Council, Rural municipality) – which is currently less favored by the local community – should be addressed as a potential solution.<br />  <strong>Abstract</strong><br />Background<strong>:</strong> The sustainable security of rural settlements is a topic that has been studied from various perspectives by using different approaches. <strong><em>Purpose:</em></strong> This article explored an integration-oriented approach to reveal the capacities of the local community in achieving sustainable security in the rural border settlements of Darmiyan and Sarbisheh Counties in Southern Khorasan. <strong><em>Research </em></strong>Method: The study employed a quantitative, descriptive-analytical research method with a survey approach. The statistical population consisted of 62 rural settlements within 30 kilometers of the common border with Afghanistan, comprising 4,502 households. A non-probability method was used for sampling at the village level, while a random-stratified probability method was employed at the household level. The sample size was 354 rural households, which was calculated using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire examining variables related to participation, trust, cohesion, and social solidarity. Findings: The results indicated that the components of participation, trust, and social solidarity had a significant impact on sustainable security from the local community's perspective. Furthermore, the research confirmed a favorable mentality towards social components in rural areas, which could foster the growth and development of security and its dissemination to weaker rural areas.<br /> <br /><strong>Keywords<em>:</em></strong> Sustainable Security, Social Participation, Social Trust, Social Cohesion.<br /> <br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />A rural community refers to a set of human behaviors and interactions that take place in villages. The fundamental characteristics of rural society can be examined from an economic and social perspective. Economically, rural areas typically rely on a subsistence-based economy dependent on the agricultural sector. Socially, they are often marked by cooperation, mutual assistance, homogeneity, and cultural unity. The settlement patterns in rural areas are influenced by natural, economic, and social factors. Social institutions are relatively stable patterns of behavior or a set of relationships, trends, and tools that are built around social interests and needs. Investigating and analyzing the capacities of rural societies, especially in border areas, based on their economic and social characteristics are of particular importance. South Khorasan Province shares a 331-kilometer border with Afghanistan, spanning the counties of Nahbandan, Sarbisheh, Darmiyan, and Zirkoh. This border region has long been considered one of the safest in the country's east and southeast. The purpose of this research was to identify the capacities of the local community in the border settlements of Sarbisheh and Darmiyan Counties, particularly in terms of social activities, such as participation and social cohesion, as well as cultural institutions.<br /> <br /><strong>Materials & Methods</strong><br />This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach and was considered an applied research. The required data were collected using both library research and a survey method. The primary data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was administered after establishing its validity and reliability among the research sample population. The main components of the research included collaborative capacities, social trust, cohesion, and social solidarity, which were measured through 33 Likert-scale items (5 options). The collected survey data were analyzed using both descriptive (central tendency and dispersion indices) and inferential statistics. Due to the non-normal distribution of the data, the research hypotheses were tested using the binomial test. The statistical population consisted of the villages located in the Gezik and Tabas sections of Darmiyan County (33 villages) and the villages in the Doroh and Lano sections of Sarbisheh County (65 villages). Sampling was conducted at two levels: first, the villages within 30 kilometers of the common border with Afghanistan were included, totaling 62 villages; then, at the household level, a simple random probability sampling method was utilized.<br /> <br /><strong>Research Findings</strong><br />The area studied in this research included the border villages of Darmiyan and Sarbisheh Counties in South Khorasan Province. Darmiyan City is located between 32°33' and 33°21' north latitude and 59°28' and 60°41' east longitude. Sarbisheh City, on the other hand, is situated between 32°02' and 32°56' north latitude and 59°13' and 60°53' east longitude. Darmiyan comprises 4 districts, 4 cities, and 3 villages, covering an area of 5,816 m². Sarbisheh, with 3 districts, 3 cities, and 6 villages, spans an area of 7,928 m²and shares a border with Afghanistan. This research focused on the border settlements located within the border districts and villages of these two cities. The research findings indicated that the component of people's participation in solving rural problems had the highest average score of 4.29 among the variables examined. From the perspective of the majority of respondents, the cooperative spirit of villagers had a highly influential role in achieving sustainable security. Additionally, the will and collective awareness in solving problems were also considered important, ranking in the second or third highest categories. Since the average for the other variables was higher than 3 (the midpoint), it could be concluded that the majority of respondents perceived the impacts of all variables on realizing stable security to be above average. Regarding social trust, the trust of family members in each other scored the highest with an average of 4.2. This was followed by trust in relatives and friends, while trust in official and government organizations ranked the lowest. However, as the average for all social trust variables exceeded 3, it could be said that from the perspective of the local community, social trust, particularly within family, friends, and neighbors, was seen as effective in realizing sustainable security. The research examined the impact of cohesion and solidarity on the realization of sustainable security from the perspective of the local community. The findings indicated that the variables of family relationships and ties, religious and ideological convergence, and interaction with each other scored above 4 (on a high scale), suggesting a relatively high level of internal convergence within the local community in the border settlements. While political and party solidarity had the lowest average among the variables, the average for all variables was still above 3.5, indicating that the different aspects of cohesion and solidarity were seen as contributing to sustainable security in the studied area.<br /><strong><em>Hypothesis 1:</em></strong> Collaborative capacities in the studied area have been highly effective in achieving sustainable security.<br />The observed ratio in the second group was much higher than the first group and the p-value supported the researcher's hypothesis that the participation capacities within the rural community had been highly effective in achieving sustainable security.<br /><strong><em>Hypothesis 2:</em></strong> Social trust in the study area has been highly effective in achieving stable security.<br />The observed ratio in the second group was much higher than the first group and the p-value confirmed the researcher's hypothesis that the social trust component within the rural community had been highly effective in achieving stable security.<br /><strong><em>Hypothesis 3:</em></strong> The cohesion and solidarity of the local community has been very effective in achieving sustainable security.<br />The observed ratio in the second group was much higher than the first group and the p-value supported the researcher's hypothesis that social cohesion and solidarity within the rural community had been highly effective in achieving sustainable security.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />The results of the present study indicated that participation capacities, both in terms of mental engagement (people's mindset towards participation, cooperative thinking, and collective will to solve problems) and objective aspects (including participation among villagers and in public/social activities), were at an upper level in the studied area. Regarding the social component, the local community perceived interpersonal trust, generalized trust, and institutional trust (mostly in non-official and non-governmental institutions) to be largely present. Similarly, social cohesion and solidarity (in-group and inter-group interactions and relations, as well as out-group relations) were evaluated at a high level. The findings of this research are consistent with the results obtained by previous studies, such as those conducted by Kladivo (2012), Geertrui et al. (2013), and Bazarafshan and Tulabinejad (2015). Based on the results, it is suggested that in addition to prioritizing native and local values and strengthening effective social institutions (e.g., Dispute Resolution Council), attention should be paid to people with social influence. Furthermore, the constructive interaction of official institutions (e.g., Islamic Council, Rural municipality) – which is currently less favored by the local community – should be addressed as a potential solution.<br />  https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28599_e2c2d508f3c3bd955cc5ae7ff0593b3c.pdf