University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 2 2024 06 21 Evaluating the Elements of Vitality in Jahānshahr Walkway, Karaj City, Iran Evaluating the Elements of Vitality in Jahānshahr Walkway, Karaj City, Iran 1 30 28146 10.22108/sppl.2024.138999.1744 FA Mina Heydari Tamrabadi M.Sc. student, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Habibollah Fasihi Associate professor, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Tajaddin Karami Assistant professor. Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 09 04 Abstract: The mental and social well-being of urban residents is greatly influenced by their exposure to vibrant and engaging physical environments and face-to-face interactions. The development of walkways is considered a crucial step toward achieving these goals. This research focused on evaluating the vitality indicators of Jahānshahr Walkway in Karaj City. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical, utilizing observational data collected through a checklist, as well as survey data obtained from a questionnaire. The sample population consisted of 270 randomly selected walkway users. Data analysis was conducted using EXCEL software, employing an innovative model. The findings revealed that the assessed walkway received a score of 4.666 (on a scale of 0-5), indicating a good level of vitality. However, Jahānshahr Walkway was lacking in certain social indicators, such as incorporation of cultural symbols, organization of festivals and rituals to attract people to the space, and presence of elements that appealed to children. On the other hand, its strengths lay in indicators, such as availability of recreational and leisure activities, diversity of leisure time options, and vibrancy of the walkway's surroundings, which were predominantly linked to the economic dimension. To enhance the vitality of the space, it is recommended to focus on preserving and expanding green areas catering to the needs of children, developing cultural identity and symbols, improving sanitation facilities, and ensuring convenient access to banks and services. Keywords: Vitality, Walkway, Public Space, Karaj City. Introduction: Vitality is recognized as a crucial attribute of sustainable cities as highlighted by the new urban agenda and the 11th sustainable development goal put forth by the United Nations. Within urban landscapes, public spaces, including passages, streets, and walkways, contribute to varying levels of vitality based on their unique characteristics. According to Jacobs, walkways are particularly vital components of urban public spaces. Construction of walkways in cities offers a practical and scientific solution to revive social life in city centers as they enhance the urban image, preserve historical areas and buildings, and restore a sense of identity to cities. Montgomery emphasizes vitality as one of the key quality factors in urban public spaces, particularly in the context of walkways. Furthermore, Mumford acknowledges the importance of pedestrian presence and the creation of pedestrian-oriented spaces as a means to reclaim the rights of urban residents that have been compromised with the introduction of motorized vehicles into urban environments. Understanding the true impact of urban environments on vitality is pivotal in designing vibrant and livable cities, ultimately enhancing the overall quality of life. This research aimed to evaluate the vitality components of Jahānshahr Walkway, a major thoroughfare that played a significant social, economic, and cultural role in the bustling and lively part of Karaj City, Iran. Materials & Methods: The study focused on Jahānshahr Walkway located in the northeastern region of Karaj, Iran. A total of 42 indicators were selected to assess the vitality of this walkway. Data collection was conducted through direct observation using a checklist, as well as a questionnaire administered to space users. A sample of 270 individuals randomly selected from the walkway users responded to the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using EXCEL software, which involved calculating the average values for each questionnaire item, as well as the checklist data. These averages were utilized to evaluate the vitality of the space. Research Findings: Several indicators demonstrated scores higher than the mode and mean (3), indicating a favorable level of vitality. These indicators included "creating peace, comfort, and pleasure", "diversity of leisure time use", "existence of suitable economic activities for recreation and leisure time", "neatness and cleanliness", "vibrancy of the edges", "improving the pedestrian experience through effective architectural and landscape design", "flowering and green spaces", "appropriate lighting", "illumination of landmark buildings", "absence of landscape pollution", "facade design and visual aesthetics", "presence of passages connecting to surrounding spaces", "sufficient capacity for group gatherings", and "proper flooring". The average score for these indicators was 4.67. On the other hand, the lowest scores were observed in the indicators of "viewing cultural symbols and holding festivals and rituals that attract people to space" and "presence of attractive elements for children". When categorizing the indicators into the three sets of economic, physical-environmental, and socio-cultural indicators, the results indicated that the average scores for each set were 4.233, 4.227, and 3.310, respectively. This suggested that the economic, physical-environmental, and socio-cultural indicators contributed to higher levels of vitality in their respective sets. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it could be inferred that certain parameters contributed to the attractiveness and vitality of the space. These included factors, such as incorporation of a diverse range of modern and traditional architectural plans, varied floor designs, alignment with the natural surroundings, a sufficient number of furniture installations, and presence of ample green spaces. However, there were also factors that had negatively impacted the vitality of the space, warranting consideration in future management and planning efforts for Karaj City. One of the notable shortcomings was the lack of attention to children's needs in the design and amenities provided along the walkway. Additionally, the symbols and elements representing identity and culture were relatively weak and access to banking services was challenging. The wide canals running alongside the walkway had also resulted in the accumulation of garbage, leading to suboptimal cleanliness levels. Furthermore, there was a lack of sanitary facilities, such as toilets and clean drinking water. In conclusion, while Jahānshahr Walkway demonstrated areas of vitality and attractiveness, there could be clear opportunities for improvement. Future management and planning initiatives should prioritize addressing the needs of children, enhancing cultural identity, improving access to banking services, ensuring proper waste management, and implementing adequate sanitation facilities, including toilets and clean drinking water provisions. Abstract: The mental and social well-being of urban residents is greatly influenced by their exposure to vibrant and engaging physical environments and face-to-face interactions. The development of walkways is considered a crucial step toward achieving these goals. This research focused on evaluating the vitality indicators of Jahānshahr Walkway in Karaj City. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical, utilizing observational data collected through a checklist, as well as survey data obtained from a questionnaire. The sample population consisted of 270 randomly selected walkway users. Data analysis was conducted using EXCEL software, employing an innovative model. The findings revealed that the assessed walkway received a score of 4.666 (on a scale of 0-5), indicating a good level of vitality. However, Jahānshahr Walkway was lacking in certain social indicators, such as incorporation of cultural symbols, organization of festivals and rituals to attract people to the space, and presence of elements that appealed to children. On the other hand, its strengths lay in indicators, such as availability of recreational and leisure activities, diversity of leisure time options, and vibrancy of the walkway's surroundings, which were predominantly linked to the economic dimension. To enhance the vitality of the space, it is recommended to focus on preserving and expanding green areas catering to the needs of children, developing cultural identity and symbols, improving sanitation facilities, and ensuring convenient access to banks and services. Keywords: Vitality, Walkway, Public Space, Karaj City. Introduction: Vitality is recognized as a crucial attribute of sustainable cities as highlighted by the new urban agenda and the 11th sustainable development goal put forth by the United Nations. Within urban landscapes, public spaces, including passages, streets, and walkways, contribute to varying levels of vitality based on their unique characteristics. According to Jacobs, walkways are particularly vital components of urban public spaces. Construction of walkways in cities offers a practical and scientific solution to revive social life in city centers as they enhance the urban image, preserve historical areas and buildings, and restore a sense of identity to cities. Montgomery emphasizes vitality as one of the key quality factors in urban public spaces, particularly in the context of walkways. Furthermore, Mumford acknowledges the importance of pedestrian presence and the creation of pedestrian-oriented spaces as a means to reclaim the rights of urban residents that have been compromised with the introduction of motorized vehicles into urban environments. Understanding the true impact of urban environments on vitality is pivotal in designing vibrant and livable cities, ultimately enhancing the overall quality of life. This research aimed to evaluate the vitality components of Jahānshahr Walkway, a major thoroughfare that played a significant social, economic, and cultural role in the bustling and lively part of Karaj City, Iran. Materials & Methods: The study focused on Jahānshahr Walkway located in the northeastern region of Karaj, Iran. A total of 42 indicators were selected to assess the vitality of this walkway. Data collection was conducted through direct observation using a checklist, as well as a questionnaire administered to space users. A sample of 270 individuals randomly selected from the walkway users responded to the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using EXCEL software, which involved calculating the average values for each questionnaire item, as well as the checklist data. These averages were utilized to evaluate the vitality of the space. Research Findings: Several indicators demonstrated scores higher than the mode and mean (3), indicating a favorable level of vitality. These indicators included "creating peace, comfort, and pleasure", "diversity of leisure time use", "existence of suitable economic activities for recreation and leisure time", "neatness and cleanliness", "vibrancy of the edges", "improving the pedestrian experience through effective architectural and landscape design", "flowering and green spaces", "appropriate lighting", "illumination of landmark buildings", "absence of landscape pollution", "facade design and visual aesthetics", "presence of passages connecting to surrounding spaces", "sufficient capacity for group gatherings", and "proper flooring". The average score for these indicators was 4.67. On the other hand, the lowest scores were observed in the indicators of "viewing cultural symbols and holding festivals and rituals that attract people to space" and "presence of attractive elements for children". When categorizing the indicators into the three sets of economic, physical-environmental, and socio-cultural indicators, the results indicated that the average scores for each set were 4.233, 4.227, and 3.310, respectively. This suggested that the economic, physical-environmental, and socio-cultural indicators contributed to higher levels of vitality in their respective sets. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it could be inferred that certain parameters contributed to the attractiveness and vitality of the space. These included factors, such as incorporation of a diverse range of modern and traditional architectural plans, varied floor designs, alignment with the natural surroundings, a sufficient number of furniture installations, and presence of ample green spaces. However, there were also factors that had negatively impacted the vitality of the space, warranting consideration in future management and planning efforts for Karaj City. One of the notable shortcomings was the lack of attention to children's needs in the design and amenities provided along the walkway. Additionally, the symbols and elements representing identity and culture were relatively weak and access to banking services was challenging. The wide canals running alongside the walkway had also resulted in the accumulation of garbage, leading to suboptimal cleanliness levels. Furthermore, there was a lack of sanitary facilities, such as toilets and clean drinking water. In conclusion, while Jahānshahr Walkway demonstrated areas of vitality and attractiveness, there could be clear opportunities for improvement. Future management and planning initiatives should prioritize addressing the needs of children, enhancing cultural identity, improving access to banking services, ensuring proper waste management, and implementing adequate sanitation facilities, including toilets and clean drinking water provisions.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28146_a1499d65c10f428d8924e82ba5d5c402.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 2 2024 06 21 A Historical Study of the Effects of the 1930 Earthquake on the Human Geography and History of Selmas City and its Surrounding Region A Historical Study of the Effects of the 1930 Earthquake on the Human Geography and History of Selmas City and its Surrounding Region 31 54 28352 10.22108/sppl.2024.140275.1767 FA Zeinab Ahmadvand Assistant professor, Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Tohid Malekzadeh Dilmaghani Assistant professor, Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch, Ahar, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 24 Abstract: Problem Statement: Selmas City situated in West Azerbaijan province at coordinates 38° 12ʹ north and 44° 46ʹ and 40ʺ east experienced a significant earthquake almost a century ago. On Tuesday night or Wednesday morning, May 17, 1930, the city was struck by a powerful earthquake measuring M=7.4 on the Richter scale and 2.7 on the Geophysics Institute scale. This earthquake stood as one of the most devastating seismic events in the history of Azerbaijan and the broader Middle East region up until that time. The year 1930 became synonymous with seismic activity, earning the name "Selmas" in the annals of seismology. Objective: This research aimed to investigate and examine the impact of the May 1309 earthquake on the human geography, as well as the historical and ancient structures of Selmas City and its surrounding region. Methodology: This study adopted a fundamental research approach, employing a descriptive and analytical methodology. It relied on primary sources, such as documents, libraries, and field studies encompassing geology and earthquakes. Results: The findings of this research revealed that the Selmas earthquake had led to the destruction of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 villages within Selmas Plain and its vicinity. The extent of the damage extended from Selmas Plain to Qatur, Khoy, and Upper Zab Regions in Turkey. Alongside the loss of 2,500 to 4,000 lives, this earthquake had caused substantial damage to numerous historical and ancient structures throughout the entire Selmas Region. Keywords: Selmas, Azerbaijan, Historical Building, Earthquake. Introduction: Nearly a century ago, on May 16, 1930, the city of Selmas experienced an earthquake measuring M=5.5 at 10:00 in the morning. This initial earthquake resulted in the destruction of several villages and caused damage to the roofs and walls of rural houses. However, the most significant event occurred later that night, marking the main earthquake. At midnight on Tuesday or the morning of Wednesday, May 17, 1930, a powerful earthquake measuring M=7.4 struck Selmas, leading to the catastrophic destruction of the city and the majority of its surrounding villages. This earthquake stood as one of the most devastating seismic events in the Azerbaijan region, resulting in the complete devastation of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 villages within Selmas Plain and its periphery. The human casualties of this earthquake ranged between 2,500 and 4,000 lives lost. The impact was not limited to human life as numerous ancient and historical structures in Selmas fell victim to the disaster. The 4-meter wall of Dilmaqan City, mosques, Christian churches, the medieval minarets of Mirkhatun in the old city, and many old bridges were among the structures destroyed. The earthquake caused significant changes in the natural, human, and historical geography of Selmas Region. Materials & Methods: The methodology employed in this study was based on both descriptive and analytical methods, drawing upon primary sources, such as historical and geographical texts, official reports, accounts from local residents, and field studies encompassing geology and earthquakes. Research Findings: The findings presented in this research were derived from a comprehensive review of historical literature and localized investigations. The significant and devastating earthquake that struck Selmas in the year 1309 stood out as one of the most destructive seismic events in Azerbaijan Region. Occurring 15 hours after the initial pre-earthquake tremor, the main earthquake took place at midnight on Tuesday or the morning of Wednesday, May 17. Its impact resulted in the complete destruction of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 surrounding villages within Selmas Plain and the adjacent areas. The extent of devastation extended from Selmas Plain to the village of Qatur and the Upper Zab Road in Turkey, leading to the tragic loss of 2,500 to 4,000 lives in Selmas. This article delved into the examination of the morphological changes and transformations caused by Selmas Earthquake, as well as the extent of damage inflicted upon ancient monuments in Selmas Region. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: The period following the Safavid era was marked by instability, resulting in a scarcity of significant archaeological monuments in Selmas Area. If any structures existed, they were likely constructed during the Qajar era, but unfortunately, they were largely destroyed in the aftermath of the First World War. Analysis of the ancient remnants in Selmas indicated that the structures situated in mountainous regions, such as ancient castles and Urartoi crypts, or those constructed using stone exhibited relatively good resistance against the powerful Selmas earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2. However, all the structures made of clay and other similar materials vanished. The Selmas earthquake of such magnitude brought about significant changes to the tectonic, seismotectonic, and geomorphological aspects of Selmas Region and the enduring impact of these changes is evident to this day. Notable transformations included the destruction of urban infrastructure, damage to residential areas, formation of earthquake faults and land fissures, hill collapses, landslides within the region, fluctuations in the water level of Lake Urmia accompanied by violent waves, alterations in the water level of wells, and emergence of water springs (Bolaghi Earthquake). Approximately two weeks after the city's devastation, a new city was established one kilometer away from the ruins of the earthquake-stricken city in the present location of Selmas. This new city was meticulously designed with proper urban planning and engineering, following a grid pattern. Today, little remains of the ruins of the earthquake-stricken city as they have been repurposed for agricultural and residential use. Abstract: Problem Statement: Selmas City situated in West Azerbaijan province at coordinates 38° 12ʹ north and 44° 46ʹ and 40ʺ east experienced a significant earthquake almost a century ago. On Tuesday night or Wednesday morning, May 17, 1930, the city was struck by a powerful earthquake measuring M=7.4 on the Richter scale and 2.7 on the Geophysics Institute scale. This earthquake stood as one of the most devastating seismic events in the history of Azerbaijan and the broader Middle East region up until that time. The year 1930 became synonymous with seismic activity, earning the name "Selmas" in the annals of seismology. Objective: This research aimed to investigate and examine the impact of the May 1309 earthquake on the human geography, as well as the historical and ancient structures of Selmas City and its surrounding region. Methodology: This study adopted a fundamental research approach, employing a descriptive and analytical methodology. It relied on primary sources, such as documents, libraries, and field studies encompassing geology and earthquakes. Results: The findings of this research revealed that the Selmas earthquake had led to the destruction of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 villages within Selmas Plain and its vicinity. The extent of the damage extended from Selmas Plain to Qatur, Khoy, and Upper Zab Regions in Turkey. Alongside the loss of 2,500 to 4,000 lives, this earthquake had caused substantial damage to numerous historical and ancient structures throughout the entire Selmas Region. Keywords: Selmas, Azerbaijan, Historical Building, Earthquake. Introduction: Nearly a century ago, on May 16, 1930, the city of Selmas experienced an earthquake measuring M=5.5 at 10:00 in the morning. This initial earthquake resulted in the destruction of several villages and caused damage to the roofs and walls of rural houses. However, the most significant event occurred later that night, marking the main earthquake. At midnight on Tuesday or the morning of Wednesday, May 17, 1930, a powerful earthquake measuring M=7.4 struck Selmas, leading to the catastrophic destruction of the city and the majority of its surrounding villages. This earthquake stood as one of the most devastating seismic events in the Azerbaijan region, resulting in the complete devastation of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 villages within Selmas Plain and its periphery. The human casualties of this earthquake ranged between 2,500 and 4,000 lives lost. The impact was not limited to human life as numerous ancient and historical structures in Selmas fell victim to the disaster. The 4-meter wall of Dilmaqan City, mosques, Christian churches, the medieval minarets of Mirkhatun in the old city, and many old bridges were among the structures destroyed. The earthquake caused significant changes in the natural, human, and historical geography of Selmas Region. Materials & Methods: The methodology employed in this study was based on both descriptive and analytical methods, drawing upon primary sources, such as historical and geographical texts, official reports, accounts from local residents, and field studies encompassing geology and earthquakes. Research Findings: The findings presented in this research were derived from a comprehensive review of historical literature and localized investigations. The significant and devastating earthquake that struck Selmas in the year 1309 stood out as one of the most destructive seismic events in Azerbaijan Region. Occurring 15 hours after the initial pre-earthquake tremor, the main earthquake took place at midnight on Tuesday or the morning of Wednesday, May 17. Its impact resulted in the complete destruction of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 surrounding villages within Selmas Plain and the adjacent areas. The extent of devastation extended from Selmas Plain to the village of Qatur and the Upper Zab Road in Turkey, leading to the tragic loss of 2,500 to 4,000 lives in Selmas. This article delved into the examination of the morphological changes and transformations caused by Selmas Earthquake, as well as the extent of damage inflicted upon ancient monuments in Selmas Region. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: The period following the Safavid era was marked by instability, resulting in a scarcity of significant archaeological monuments in Selmas Area. If any structures existed, they were likely constructed during the Qajar era, but unfortunately, they were largely destroyed in the aftermath of the First World War. Analysis of the ancient remnants in Selmas indicated that the structures situated in mountainous regions, such as ancient castles and Urartoi crypts, or those constructed using stone exhibited relatively good resistance against the powerful Selmas earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2. However, all the structures made of clay and other similar materials vanished. The Selmas earthquake of such magnitude brought about significant changes to the tectonic, seismotectonic, and geomorphological aspects of Selmas Region and the enduring impact of these changes is evident to this day. Notable transformations included the destruction of urban infrastructure, damage to residential areas, formation of earthquake faults and land fissures, hill collapses, landslides within the region, fluctuations in the water level of Lake Urmia accompanied by violent waves, alterations in the water level of wells, and emergence of water springs (Bolaghi Earthquake). Approximately two weeks after the city's devastation, a new city was established one kilometer away from the ruins of the earthquake-stricken city in the present location of Selmas. This new city was meticulously designed with proper urban planning and engineering, following a grid pattern. Today, little remains of the ruins of the earthquake-stricken city as they have been repurposed for agricultural and residential use.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28352_f7ef3401f76a9be08caf2f24f6ce57f6.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 2 2024 06 21 Analysis of Foreign Tourists’ Behavioral Patterns and Perceptions in Rural Destinations Analysis of Foreign Tourists’ Behavioral Patterns and Perceptions in Rural Destinations 55 92 28373 10.22108/sppl.2024.140827.1773 FA Hamdollah Sojasi Gheidari Associate professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Mashhad.Iran Zahra Soleymani Ph.D. in Geography & Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 27 Abstract Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. Keywords: Tourism Perception, Tourists’ Behavior, Foreign Tourists, Rural Tourism, Iran Introduction Understanding of competitive advantages, tourist behavior, and local attractions that appeal to tourists is crucial for effective tourism planning and management. In recent times, various types of data have been utilized in destinations to gain insights into tourists' behavioral patterns and develop competitive advantages. One prominent type of data that has gained popularity is tourist-generated photos taken at different destinations and tourist attractions. As visitors explore a destination, they capture photos that reflect their personal interpretation of the natural, social, physical, and cultural attractions they encounter. These photos and videos serve as a valuable source of information about diverse tourist destinations and sharing them on the internet and public virtual platforms allows for the dissemination of beauty, cultural richness, destination value, lifestyle, and specific activities. In the age of the internet, many tourists share their travel photos on social media and online galleries to document and share their experiences with friends and family. The choice of photos for uploading and sharing reflects their personal opinions about the visited destinations, which directly influence other travel and tourism enthusiasts, as a picture is worth a thousand words. In other words, photos or images play a vital role in conveying the image of a tourism destination and nowadays, travel destinations are predominantly promoted through captivating photographs. Therefore, the photos shared by tourists have the potential to disseminate their experiences related to the lifestyle, cultural aspects, activities, livelihood, and natural attractions of local communities. Materials and Methods The objective of this study was to identify tourist categories from various countries and analyze their perceptions and behavioral patterns in rural tourism destinations in Iran. The analysis was conducted through visual content analysis of the photos taken by tourists. All rural areas of Iran with photos published on Flickr by tourists were included in the study. In the past, accessing such images presented methodological challenges. However, in the digital age, many tourists willingly share their photos online and provide geotags, making it relatively easy to access a representative collection of photographs for a specific destination. Building upon the work of Zhang et al. (2019), visual content analysis was employed in this study. The systematic and observational method was utilized to explore how this phenomenon was represented. This method enabled the categorization of observable content into distinct groups. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos. Initially, the visible themes and specific features of the collection were described followed by the identification of the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories. Subsequently, the relevant items were coded. Research Findings In total, 21 distinct scenes were identified from the analysis of the photos. The analysis of photos shared by tourists from different countries revealed variations in their perceptions of rural scenery. European and North American tourists primarily focused on rural houses and landscapes. Asian tourists showed a greater interest in religious buildings and rural houses. Historical sites and rural houses attracted more North American tourists. Similarly, tourists from Oceania expressed a strong interest in historical sites and wildlife. Moreover, the analysis of differences among various continents in terms of the 21 scenes perceived by tourists indicated that most tourists from four continents perceived scenes, such as historical sites, rural houses, traditional attire, and rural lifestyle. These scenes were found to capture the interest of tourists from different continents and cultures. However, scenes depicting cooperation among villagers, music, rivers, and transportation routes were primarily noticed and appreciated by European tourists. The spatial distribution analysis of foreign tourists' trails in rural destinations provided insights into their overall behavioral patterns. According to the ArcGIS output, European tourists had the most extensive trail coverage. Meymand Village in Kerman Province and Abyaneh Village in Isfahan Province were the most observed trails for European tourists. Notably, both villages are UNESCO World Heritage sites in Iran and boast unique and distinctive architectural styles compared to other villages. In terms of trail distribution, North American tourists ranked second with a majority of their trails observed in Abyaneh and Nazarabad villages, both located in Isfahan Province. Asia ranked third in terms of trail distribution after Europe and North America with most trails observed in Chak Chak Village. This village located in Yazd Province holds significant religious importance as one of the holiest places of worship for Zarathustra's followers. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study aimed to investigate and analyze the perceptions and behavioral patterns of foreign tourists in rural destinations. The findings highlighted the diverse range of tourist attractions in Iranian rural areas, which offered significant tourism opportunities for foreign tourists and served as a competitive advantage for rural destinations. These attractions had a direct impact on tourists' interest and engagement. Considering the varied preferences and perceptions of foreign tourists towards rural destinations, the management organizations responsible for rural tourism can adopt tailored marketing strategies to effectively promote rural tourism destinations. For example, specific rural tourism packages can be designed and marketed to cater to the preferences of tourists from Asian and Oceanian countries, aligning with their perceptions. Furthermore, based on the observed behaviors of tourists, it is evident that greater emphasis should be placed on promoting rural tourist attractions that offer captivating landscapes and historical and ancient sites, as well as social and cultural experiences. These elements are the key factors in attracting and engaging foreign tourists in rural destinations. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the importance of understanding tourists' perceptions and behaviors in rural tourism destinations. By leveraging the diverse attractions and adopting targeted marketing strategies, rural destinations in Iran can enhance their appeal and competitiveness in the global tourism market. Abstract Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. Keywords: Tourism Perception, Tourists’ Behavior, Foreign Tourists, Rural Tourism, Iran Introduction Understanding of competitive advantages, tourist behavior, and local attractions that appeal to tourists is crucial for effective tourism planning and management. In recent times, various types of data have been utilized in destinations to gain insights into tourists' behavioral patterns and develop competitive advantages. One prominent type of data that has gained popularity is tourist-generated photos taken at different destinations and tourist attractions. As visitors explore a destination, they capture photos that reflect their personal interpretation of the natural, social, physical, and cultural attractions they encounter. These photos and videos serve as a valuable source of information about diverse tourist destinations and sharing them on the internet and public virtual platforms allows for the dissemination of beauty, cultural richness, destination value, lifestyle, and specific activities. In the age of the internet, many tourists share their travel photos on social media and online galleries to document and share their experiences with friends and family. The choice of photos for uploading and sharing reflects their personal opinions about the visited destinations, which directly influence other travel and tourism enthusiasts, as a picture is worth a thousand words. In other words, photos or images play a vital role in conveying the image of a tourism destination and nowadays, travel destinations are predominantly promoted through captivating photographs. Therefore, the photos shared by tourists have the potential to disseminate their experiences related to the lifestyle, cultural aspects, activities, livelihood, and natural attractions of local communities. Materials and Methods The objective of this study was to identify tourist categories from various countries and analyze their perceptions and behavioral patterns in rural tourism destinations in Iran. The analysis was conducted through visual content analysis of the photos taken by tourists. All rural areas of Iran with photos published on Flickr by tourists were included in the study. In the past, accessing such images presented methodological challenges. However, in the digital age, many tourists willingly share their photos online and provide geotags, making it relatively easy to access a representative collection of photographs for a specific destination. Building upon the work of Zhang et al. (2019), visual content analysis was employed in this study. The systematic and observational method was utilized to explore how this phenomenon was represented. This method enabled the categorization of observable content into distinct groups. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos. Initially, the visible themes and specific features of the collection were described followed by the identification of the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories. Subsequently, the relevant items were coded. Research Findings In total, 21 distinct scenes were identified from the analysis of the photos. The analysis of photos shared by tourists from different countries revealed variations in their perceptions of rural scenery. European and North American tourists primarily focused on rural houses and landscapes. Asian tourists showed a greater interest in religious buildings and rural houses. Historical sites and rural houses attracted more North American tourists. Similarly, tourists from Oceania expressed a strong interest in historical sites and wildlife. Moreover, the analysis of differences among various continents in terms of the 21 scenes perceived by tourists indicated that most tourists from four continents perceived scenes, such as historical sites, rural houses, traditional attire, and rural lifestyle. These scenes were found to capture the interest of tourists from different continents and cultures. However, scenes depicting cooperation among villagers, music, rivers, and transportation routes were primarily noticed and appreciated by European tourists. The spatial distribution analysis of foreign tourists' trails in rural destinations provided insights into their overall behavioral patterns. According to the ArcGIS output, European tourists had the most extensive trail coverage. Meymand Village in Kerman Province and Abyaneh Village in Isfahan Province were the most observed trails for European tourists. Notably, both villages are UNESCO World Heritage sites in Iran and boast unique and distinctive architectural styles compared to other villages. In terms of trail distribution, North American tourists ranked second with a majority of their trails observed in Abyaneh and Nazarabad villages, both located in Isfahan Province. Asia ranked third in terms of trail distribution after Europe and North America with most trails observed in Chak Chak Village. This village located in Yazd Province holds significant religious importance as one of the holiest places of worship for Zarathustra's followers. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study aimed to investigate and analyze the perceptions and behavioral patterns of foreign tourists in rural destinations. The findings highlighted the diverse range of tourist attractions in Iranian rural areas, which offered significant tourism opportunities for foreign tourists and served as a competitive advantage for rural destinations. These attractions had a direct impact on tourists' interest and engagement. Considering the varied preferences and perceptions of foreign tourists towards rural destinations, the management organizations responsible for rural tourism can adopt tailored marketing strategies to effectively promote rural tourism destinations. For example, specific rural tourism packages can be designed and marketed to cater to the preferences of tourists from Asian and Oceanian countries, aligning with their perceptions. Furthermore, based on the observed behaviors of tourists, it is evident that greater emphasis should be placed on promoting rural tourist attractions that offer captivating landscapes and historical and ancient sites, as well as social and cultural experiences. These elements are the key factors in attracting and engaging foreign tourists in rural destinations. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the importance of understanding tourists' perceptions and behaviors in rural tourism destinations. By leveraging the diverse attractions and adopting targeted marketing strategies, rural destinations in Iran can enhance their appeal and competitiveness in the global tourism market.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28373_b66665322e2e5c10f4de5f97de0d5fa7.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 2 2024 06 21 Measurement and Evaluation of Social Resilience Indicators in the Historical Neighborhoods of Tabriz City (Case Study: Sorkhab Neighborhood of Tabriz) Measurement and Evaluation of Social Resilience Indicators in the Historical Neighborhoods of Tabriz City (Case Study: Sorkhab Neighborhood of Tabriz) 93 124 28228 10.22108/sppl.2024.138089.1734 FA Leila Rahimi Associate professor, Ph.D. in Urbanism, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Mahta Choobineh Master’s degree in Urban Design, Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2023 07 08 Abstract Given the significant social disruptions caused by natural disasters in urban areas fostering social resilience as a capability not only helps to maintain the initial performance of cities, but also contributes to their post-disaster improvement and prosperity. This study focused on evaluating the indicators of social resilience in the historical neighborhood of Sorkhab in Tabriz as these historical areas were among the most vulnerable parts of the city and played a crucial role in restoring normal social conditions. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of its nature and methodology. In the analysis section, SPSS software was utilized, employing one-way variance and sample t-test methods to examine the impacts of gender, age, and education on the three functional, social, and cultural dimensions. Furthermore, the most influential indicators were investigated using multivariate regression analysis. The research findings highlighted that the indicators of creating an inclusive urban space for all segments of society, fostering a sense of belonging and hope for the future of the neighborhood, were the most influential factors in promoting social resilience. Moreover, enhancing resilience in the face of crises necessitated increasing social interactions and raising people's awareness. Therefore, establishing a platform that fostered social interactions within the neighborhood and served as a hub for activities could expedite the neighborhood's recovery process during times of crisis. Keywords: Resilience, Social Resilience, Historical Context, Sorkhab Neighborhood of Tabriz Introduction Given the rapid population growth in cities, it is crucial to prioritize the social and administrative processes associated with urban functioning and evaluate residents' resilience to natural hazards (Hook et al., 2020: 98). Cities should be designed in a manner that minimizes risks, builds resilience, and enables swift recovery from disasters (Burton, 2015). Natural disasters have profound social repercussions in cities, making it imperative to promote social resilience as a capability that not only maintains cities' initial performance, but also fosters their post-disaster improvement and prosperity (Brown et al., 2012: 24). Resilient cities possess the ability to respond effectively to risks and stresses (Maguire et al., 2007: 16). However, in most studies on urban resilience, there is a relatively limited focus on assessing social and economic resilience compared to infrastructure, environmental, and institutional resilience (Sharifi, 2020). Social resilience aims to enhance the capacity to adapt to change, effectively navigate unexpected circumstances, and emphasize the significance of social relationships and individuals' sense of belonging to their living environment. Considering the vulnerability of historical neighborhoods, which are of significant importance, restoration of these areas to their desired living conditions is heavily influenced by their social status. Due to their age and lack of maintenance, historical neighborhoods often suffer from a diminished sense of belonging among residents. Additionally, these neighborhoods tend to attract individuals with limited financial means, who promptly relocate to better circumstances, indicating a lack of identity. The lack of social cohesion in such neighborhoods contributes to their limited resilience in the social dimension, necessitating a redesign that enhances neighborhood identity, social cohesion, and solidarity. The historical neighborhood of Sorkhab in Tabriz is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. However, this neighborhood has faced challenges related to deteriorating identity and neglected social relations. During natural disasters or other man-made issues, the social damages observed at the neighborhood level and dissatisfaction of residents with social conditions are indicative of the neighborhood's inability to adapt to changes. This is primarily due to the insufficient solidarity, sense of belonging, and participation among residents, which are essential social assets for fostering resistance and resilience against sudden changes. Consequently, the current conditions have failed to meet the residents’ social needs. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore the components of social resilience in the historical context of Sorkhab Neighborhood in Tabriz. By utilizing the findings and results of this study, urban design projects could be informed to enhance the quality of urban spaces and promote social resilience. Materials and Methods This research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of its nature and methodology. The required information and data were gathered through a comprehensive review of relevant literature using library sources. The extracted indicators and criteria were then analyzed. Some criteria did not necessitate a questionnaire or collection of people's opinions. Therefore, the analysis and interpretation of these indicators and criteria in Sorkhab Neighborhood were conducted through field sampling and observation methods. However, certain criteria required a questionnaire and inclusion of people's opinions. To collect the opinions of individuals residing in the historical context of Sorkhab Neighborhood regarding social resilience, a survey was administered in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed using a Likert scale. To assess the impact of gender, age, and education on the functional, social, and cultural dimensions (excluding the physical dimension, which did not require a questionnaire), one-way variance tests and t-tests were employed. Furthermore, the most influential indicators were examined using multivariate regression analysis. Based on the questionnaire results and tests, solutions were proposed to enhance social resilience. The compiled questionnaire evaluated the dimensions and components identified in the previous sections from the perspective of the citizens. It included individual questions concerning age, gender, education, as well as questions related to functional, cultural, and social aspects, which were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "very low" to "very high". SPSS software was utilized to perform one-way variance tests and one-sample t-tests, enabling the investigation of the effects of gender, age, and education on the three dimensions. The sampling method employed was completely random with residents of the neighborhood being surveyed. Sorkhab Neighborhood had a population of 1204 individuals and 384 households. Based on Cochran's test, with an error rate of 0.063, 200 questionnaires were completed. The highest frequency of respondents was male accounting for 61%, while the lowest frequency was female at 44%. Research Findings The overall findings of the analysis revealed that, with the exception of criteria, such as access to services, a sense of belonging, and unity among residents, the neighborhood did not exhibit favorable conditions across the remaining criteria. These results emphasized the importance of enhancing residents' awareness in both functional and social dimensions with age being a significant influencing factor in the social dimension. Therefore, when setting goals for these dimensions, it was crucial to consider the preferences and tastes of each generation. The factor of gender played a notable role in the cultural dimension, highlighting the need for establishing fairness between the two gender groups. Among all the criteria, the sense of belonging and hope for the neighborhood's future had the greatest impact on increasing social resilience. On the other hand, the criterion of creating social groups to address neighborhood issues demonstrated the least influence. Among the various dimensions, the cultural dimension exerted the most significant impact on social resilience, demanding greater attention compared to the other dimensions. In terms of the physical aspect, it was evident that Sorkhab Neighborhood lacked designated spaces for residents. The limited number of activities within the neighborhood could be attributed to the presence of abandoned spaces predominantly used as parking lots, which failed to attract people and consequently have a low level of utilization. The aging buildings in the neighborhood, due to its historical nature, rendered many of them uninhabitable. Furthermore, the narrow width of local roads compromised the safety of both residents and users within the neighborhood. Overall, the physical condition of the neighborhood was unsatisfactory, posing significant challenges for residents and creating hazardous conditions during crises and even in normal circumstances. Discussion of Results and Conclusion In this study, the scholars’ opinions were examined and the indicators of social resilience were extracted and investigated in the historical neighborhood of Sorkhab, Tabriz. The findings indicated that the functional dimension was influenced by the factor of education, while the social dimension was influenced by both age and education. The cultural dimension emerged as the most influential dimension with age and gender exerting an impact on this dimension. Among the indicators, creating an inclusive urban space, fostering a sense of belonging, and instilling hope for the neighborhood's future were found to be the most influential factors contributing to social resilience. The results highlighted the importance of increasing social interactions and raising awareness to enhance resilience in the face of crises. By improving educational and informational opportunities for all residents of the neighborhood and creating safe spaces that facilitate social interaction and presence, it is possible to directly improve social resilience and foster a stronger sense of membership and pride. The sense of belonging and hope for the future of the neighborhood are particularly impactful. Therefore, establishing a platform that promotes social interactions and serves as a hub for neighborhood activities would lead to a swift restoration of the neighborhood during times of crisis. Additionally, providing necessary psychological support training to influential individuals within the neighborhood during crises can be effective in encouraging and reassuring residents. Abstract Given the significant social disruptions caused by natural disasters in urban areas fostering social resilience as a capability not only helps to maintain the initial performance of cities, but also contributes to their post-disaster improvement and prosperity. This study focused on evaluating the indicators of social resilience in the historical neighborhood of Sorkhab in Tabriz as these historical areas were among the most vulnerable parts of the city and played a crucial role in restoring normal social conditions. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of its nature and methodology. In the analysis section, SPSS software was utilized, employing one-way variance and sample t-test methods to examine the impacts of gender, age, and education on the three functional, social, and cultural dimensions. Furthermore, the most influential indicators were investigated using multivariate regression analysis. The research findings highlighted that the indicators of creating an inclusive urban space for all segments of society, fostering a sense of belonging and hope for the future of the neighborhood, were the most influential factors in promoting social resilience. Moreover, enhancing resilience in the face of crises necessitated increasing social interactions and raising people's awareness. Therefore, establishing a platform that fostered social interactions within the neighborhood and served as a hub for activities could expedite the neighborhood's recovery process during times of crisis. Keywords: Resilience, Social Resilience, Historical Context, Sorkhab Neighborhood of Tabriz Introduction Given the rapid population growth in cities, it is crucial to prioritize the social and administrative processes associated with urban functioning and evaluate residents' resilience to natural hazards (Hook et al., 2020: 98). Cities should be designed in a manner that minimizes risks, builds resilience, and enables swift recovery from disasters (Burton, 2015). Natural disasters have profound social repercussions in cities, making it imperative to promote social resilience as a capability that not only maintains cities' initial performance, but also fosters their post-disaster improvement and prosperity (Brown et al., 2012: 24). Resilient cities possess the ability to respond effectively to risks and stresses (Maguire et al., 2007: 16). However, in most studies on urban resilience, there is a relatively limited focus on assessing social and economic resilience compared to infrastructure, environmental, and institutional resilience (Sharifi, 2020). Social resilience aims to enhance the capacity to adapt to change, effectively navigate unexpected circumstances, and emphasize the significance of social relationships and individuals' sense of belonging to their living environment. Considering the vulnerability of historical neighborhoods, which are of significant importance, restoration of these areas to their desired living conditions is heavily influenced by their social status. Due to their age and lack of maintenance, historical neighborhoods often suffer from a diminished sense of belonging among residents. Additionally, these neighborhoods tend to attract individuals with limited financial means, who promptly relocate to better circumstances, indicating a lack of identity. The lack of social cohesion in such neighborhoods contributes to their limited resilience in the social dimension, necessitating a redesign that enhances neighborhood identity, social cohesion, and solidarity. The historical neighborhood of Sorkhab in Tabriz is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. However, this neighborhood has faced challenges related to deteriorating identity and neglected social relations. During natural disasters or other man-made issues, the social damages observed at the neighborhood level and dissatisfaction of residents with social conditions are indicative of the neighborhood's inability to adapt to changes. This is primarily due to the insufficient solidarity, sense of belonging, and participation among residents, which are essential social assets for fostering resistance and resilience against sudden changes. Consequently, the current conditions have failed to meet the residents’ social needs. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore the components of social resilience in the historical context of Sorkhab Neighborhood in Tabriz. By utilizing the findings and results of this study, urban design projects could be informed to enhance the quality of urban spaces and promote social resilience. Materials and Methods This research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of its nature and methodology. The required information and data were gathered through a comprehensive review of relevant literature using library sources. The extracted indicators and criteria were then analyzed. Some criteria did not necessitate a questionnaire or collection of people's opinions. Therefore, the analysis and interpretation of these indicators and criteria in Sorkhab Neighborhood were conducted through field sampling and observation methods. However, certain criteria required a questionnaire and inclusion of people's opinions. To collect the opinions of individuals residing in the historical context of Sorkhab Neighborhood regarding social resilience, a survey was administered in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed using a Likert scale. To assess the impact of gender, age, and education on the functional, social, and cultural dimensions (excluding the physical dimension, which did not require a questionnaire), one-way variance tests and t-tests were employed. Furthermore, the most influential indicators were examined using multivariate regression analysis. Based on the questionnaire results and tests, solutions were proposed to enhance social resilience. The compiled questionnaire evaluated the dimensions and components identified in the previous sections from the perspective of the citizens. It included individual questions concerning age, gender, education, as well as questions related to functional, cultural, and social aspects, which were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "very low" to "very high". SPSS software was utilized to perform one-way variance tests and one-sample t-tests, enabling the investigation of the effects of gender, age, and education on the three dimensions. The sampling method employed was completely random with residents of the neighborhood being surveyed. Sorkhab Neighborhood had a population of 1204 individuals and 384 households. Based on Cochran's test, with an error rate of 0.063, 200 questionnaires were completed. The highest frequency of respondents was male accounting for 61%, while the lowest frequency was female at 44%. Research Findings The overall findings of the analysis revealed that, with the exception of criteria, such as access to services, a sense of belonging, and unity among residents, the neighborhood did not exhibit favorable conditions across the remaining criteria. These results emphasized the importance of enhancing residents' awareness in both functional and social dimensions with age being a significant influencing factor in the social dimension. Therefore, when setting goals for these dimensions, it was crucial to consider the preferences and tastes of each generation. The factor of gender played a notable role in the cultural dimension, highlighting the need for establishing fairness between the two gender groups. Among all the criteria, the sense of belonging and hope for the neighborhood's future had the greatest impact on increasing social resilience. On the other hand, the criterion of creating social groups to address neighborhood issues demonstrated the least influence. Among the various dimensions, the cultural dimension exerted the most significant impact on social resilience, demanding greater attention compared to the other dimensions. In terms of the physical aspect, it was evident that Sorkhab Neighborhood lacked designated spaces for residents. The limited number of activities within the neighborhood could be attributed to the presence of abandoned spaces predominantly used as parking lots, which failed to attract people and consequently have a low level of utilization. The aging buildings in the neighborhood, due to its historical nature, rendered many of them uninhabitable. Furthermore, the narrow width of local roads compromised the safety of both residents and users within the neighborhood. Overall, the physical condition of the neighborhood was unsatisfactory, posing significant challenges for residents and creating hazardous conditions during crises and even in normal circumstances. Discussion of Results and Conclusion In this study, the scholars’ opinions were examined and the indicators of social resilience were extracted and investigated in the historical neighborhood of Sorkhab, Tabriz. The findings indicated that the functional dimension was influenced by the factor of education, while the social dimension was influenced by both age and education. The cultural dimension emerged as the most influential dimension with age and gender exerting an impact on this dimension. Among the indicators, creating an inclusive urban space, fostering a sense of belonging, and instilling hope for the neighborhood's future were found to be the most influential factors contributing to social resilience. The results highlighted the importance of increasing social interactions and raising awareness to enhance resilience in the face of crises. By improving educational and informational opportunities for all residents of the neighborhood and creating safe spaces that facilitate social interaction and presence, it is possible to directly improve social resilience and foster a stronger sense of membership and pride. The sense of belonging and hope for the future of the neighborhood are particularly impactful. Therefore, establishing a platform that promotes social interactions and serves as a hub for neighborhood activities would lead to a swift restoration of the neighborhood during times of crisis. Additionally, providing necessary psychological support training to influential individuals within the neighborhood during crises can be effective in encouraging and reassuring residents.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28228_b75f5a9aefac02c7ffabe934981aa7ce.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 2 2024 06 21 Assessment of the Impact of Community-Based Tourism on the Economic, Social, and Cultural Empowerment of Women (Case Study: Coastal Villages of Bushehr Province) Assessment of the Impact of Community-Based Tourism on the Economic, Social, and Cultural Empowerment of Women (Case Study: Coastal Villages of Bushehr Province) 125 162 28357 10.22108/sppl.2024.138517.1738 FA Ali Shamsoddini Associate professor in Human Geography, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Fatemeh Dehghani Ph.D. candidate in Sociology and Rural Development, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2023 08 19 Abstract: The Achievement of sustainable rural development necessitates active participation of all stakeholders within these communities. Among the crucial components for progress and development in rural areas is the enhancement of manpower skills. Recognizing significant involvement of rural women in village production activities, growth of tourism in these regions presents a new opportunity for their engagement in development, thereby underscoring the importance of their empowerment. Empowerment has emerged as a fundamental aspect of sustainable development, wherein augmenting women's capacity and control over resources can be facilitated through tourism development. This research aimed to assess the role of community-based tourism in the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. This study adopted a practical research approach with survey-based data collection. The research population comprised the residents of coastal villages in Bushehr Province. The sample size for this study was determined to be 400 individuals using Cochran’s formula. Statistical analysis, employing the one-sample T-test and utilizing AMOS and SPSS software, was conducted. The theoretical framework and the results of the statistical analysis employed in this research demonstrated the positive impact of tourism development on the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. Keywords: Community-Based Tourism, Rural Development, Empowerment, Coastal Villages. Introduction: Social science experts emphasize that sustainable rural development cannot be achieved without the active participation of all stakeholders, particularly in the economic and social realms. Consequently, development of human resource skills emerges as a critical component for progress and growth in rural communities. Developed human resources can be regarded as an indispensable factor and prerequisite for attaining sustainable rural development. In line with the principle of equity in sustainable development, all beneficiaries, especially local residents, should have the opportunity to participate in decisions that affect their lives and enjoy the benefits of development. Given the active involvement of rural women in village production activities, emergence of tourism in these areas, and creation of new avenues for their participation in development, the significance of focusing on women's empowerment becomes increasingly apparent. Empowerment has now become a fundamental concern in the realm of sustainable development. As a service sector and a branch of sustainable development, tourism possesses the potential to empower communities. Empowerment primarily targets vulnerable groups in the society, who have experienced social exclusion, thus being deprived of full participation in a broader society through various means. Extensive studies indicate that women are considered a vulnerable and marginalized social group, often lacking control over resources and access to equal opportunities and positions. Research has demonstrated that the entire society benefits when women are supported and empowered. Development theorists view empowerment as an effective strategy for reducing gender inequalities in terms of capacities, resource access, opportunities, and a pathway to sustainable development. By enhancing women's power and control over resources, tourism development can play a crucial role in empowering women. Women's participation in tourism brings numerous benefits, including economic development in marginalized areas, sustainable utilization of natural resources, and heightened local control over development. Accordingly, this research aimed to evaluate the role of community-based tourism in the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. Materials & Methods: This research was of an applied nature, employing a descriptive-analytical implementation method and utilizing survey-based data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of residents living in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. The sample size determined using Cochran's formula was 400 individuals. To analyze the data, both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed within the AMOS and SPSS software environment. The study area for this research encompassed 45 coastal villages within Bushehr Province. Research Findings: The literature highlights that tourism activities implemented with a community-based approach and local community participation bring about numerous economic and socio-cultural benefits to rural communities. Experts suggest that along with the establishment and expansion of this type of tourism, changes in social relations within the host society and transformations in social network connections can be anticipated. Ultimately, these developments contribute to the economic and social empowerment of rural residents. Table of standardized factor loadings and t-statistics between variables Variable Components Standardized load factor Amount of t Significance level Cronbach's alpha Rank Result Empowerment Economical 0.779 - - 0,952 1 Optimal social 0.712 6,129 *** 2 Optimal cultural 0,621 5,102 *** 3 Optimal The table above demonstrates that the t-statistics values for enablers and their components are significant, surpassing 1.96. Hence, it can be inferred that the enablers can be divided into three subsets or sub-components. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire is 0.952, exceeding the threshold of 0.7, indicating a favorable level of construct reliability. All criteria, including Cronbach's alpha and significance of factor loadings between the questions and underlying variables, confirm suitability of the measurement model. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: The theoretical framework of this research based on the sustainable development approach coupled with the findings derived from the statistical analysis revealed the positive impact of tourism development on the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. These results signified that community-based tourism in the region had successfully generated women's interest in village development, fostering group activities, cooperation, and interpersonal interaction. Furthermore, it had improved public perception regarding women's contributions to the tourism sector, leading to their active participation in village public meetings, problem-solving endeavors, communal responsibilities, consensus-building, and consultations on village-related matters. Moreover, women had played a crucial role in safeguarding village tourism attractions, fostering empathy and unity, managing their own affairs, enhancing their understanding of village tourism issues, promoting local attractions to others, and encouraging acquisition of necessary skills for engaging in tourism activities. Ethical Considerations: All study participants provided informed consent and the researchers assured them of complete confidentiality and anonymity in relation to the study results. Authors' Contributions: All authors have made equal contributions to the study, including involvement in the study design, data analysis, interpretation, and final approval of the article. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Abstract: The Achievement of sustainable rural development necessitates active participation of all stakeholders within these communities. Among the crucial components for progress and development in rural areas is the enhancement of manpower skills. Recognizing significant involvement of rural women in village production activities, growth of tourism in these regions presents a new opportunity for their engagement in development, thereby underscoring the importance of their empowerment. Empowerment has emerged as a fundamental aspect of sustainable development, wherein augmenting women's capacity and control over resources can be facilitated through tourism development. This research aimed to assess the role of community-based tourism in the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. This study adopted a practical research approach with survey-based data collection. The research population comprised the residents of coastal villages in Bushehr Province. The sample size for this study was determined to be 400 individuals using Cochran’s formula. Statistical analysis, employing the one-sample T-test and utilizing AMOS and SPSS software, was conducted. The theoretical framework and the results of the statistical analysis employed in this research demonstrated the positive impact of tourism development on the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. Keywords: Community-Based Tourism, Rural Development, Empowerment, Coastal Villages. Introduction: Social science experts emphasize that sustainable rural development cannot be achieved without the active participation of all stakeholders, particularly in the economic and social realms. Consequently, development of human resource skills emerges as a critical component for progress and growth in rural communities. Developed human resources can be regarded as an indispensable factor and prerequisite for attaining sustainable rural development. In line with the principle of equity in sustainable development, all beneficiaries, especially local residents, should have the opportunity to participate in decisions that affect their lives and enjoy the benefits of development. Given the active involvement of rural women in village production activities, emergence of tourism in these areas, and creation of new avenues for their participation in development, the significance of focusing on women's empowerment becomes increasingly apparent. Empowerment has now become a fundamental concern in the realm of sustainable development. As a service sector and a branch of sustainable development, tourism possesses the potential to empower communities. Empowerment primarily targets vulnerable groups in the society, who have experienced social exclusion, thus being deprived of full participation in a broader society through various means. Extensive studies indicate that women are considered a vulnerable and marginalized social group, often lacking control over resources and access to equal opportunities and positions. Research has demonstrated that the entire society benefits when women are supported and empowered. Development theorists view empowerment as an effective strategy for reducing gender inequalities in terms of capacities, resource access, opportunities, and a pathway to sustainable development. By enhancing women's power and control over resources, tourism development can play a crucial role in empowering women. Women's participation in tourism brings numerous benefits, including economic development in marginalized areas, sustainable utilization of natural resources, and heightened local control over development. Accordingly, this research aimed to evaluate the role of community-based tourism in the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. Materials & Methods: This research was of an applied nature, employing a descriptive-analytical implementation method and utilizing survey-based data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of residents living in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. The sample size determined using Cochran's formula was 400 individuals. To analyze the data, both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed within the AMOS and SPSS software environment. The study area for this research encompassed 45 coastal villages within Bushehr Province. Research Findings: The literature highlights that tourism activities implemented with a community-based approach and local community participation bring about numerous economic and socio-cultural benefits to rural communities. Experts suggest that along with the establishment and expansion of this type of tourism, changes in social relations within the host society and transformations in social network connections can be anticipated. Ultimately, these developments contribute to the economic and social empowerment of rural residents. Table of standardized factor loadings and t-statistics between variables Variable Components Standardized load factor Amount of t Significance level Cronbach's alpha Rank Result Empowerment Economical 0.779 - - 0,952 1 Optimal social 0.712 6,129 *** 2 Optimal cultural 0,621 5,102 *** 3 Optimal The table above demonstrates that the t-statistics values for enablers and their components are significant, surpassing 1.96. Hence, it can be inferred that the enablers can be divided into three subsets or sub-components. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire is 0.952, exceeding the threshold of 0.7, indicating a favorable level of construct reliability. All criteria, including Cronbach's alpha and significance of factor loadings between the questions and underlying variables, confirm suitability of the measurement model. Discussion of Results & Conclusion: The theoretical framework of this research based on the sustainable development approach coupled with the findings derived from the statistical analysis revealed the positive impact of tourism development on the economic, social, and cultural empowerment of women residing in the coastal villages of Bushehr Province. These results signified that community-based tourism in the region had successfully generated women's interest in village development, fostering group activities, cooperation, and interpersonal interaction. Furthermore, it had improved public perception regarding women's contributions to the tourism sector, leading to their active participation in village public meetings, problem-solving endeavors, communal responsibilities, consensus-building, and consultations on village-related matters. Moreover, women had played a crucial role in safeguarding village tourism attractions, fostering empathy and unity, managing their own affairs, enhancing their understanding of village tourism issues, promoting local attractions to others, and encouraging acquisition of necessary skills for engaging in tourism activities. Ethical Considerations: All study participants provided informed consent and the researchers assured them of complete confidentiality and anonymity in relation to the study results. Authors' Contributions: All authors have made equal contributions to the study, including involvement in the study design, data analysis, interpretation, and final approval of the article. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28357_3a8f1fe1a61af742bb4066a785721b42.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 2 2024 06 21 Analyzing Worn-Out Texture Regeneration from Urban Branding Perspective Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) (Case Study: Worn-Out Texture of Shahr-e-Kord) Analyzing Worn-Out Texture Regeneration from Urban Branding Perspective Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) (Case Study: Worn-Out Texture of Shahr-e-Kord) 163 186 28452 10.22108/sppl.2024.139781.1758 FA Dvood Mahdavi Assistant professor, Department of Geography Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran Ali Mohammadi Gojani Ph.D. student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Waliullah Nazari Assistant professor, Department of Geography Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 09 Abstract Urban regeneration, a contemporary approach to revitalizing worn-out urban areas, has a tremendous impact on the quality of life and sustainability of residents. When combined with creative strategies like urban branding, this approach can spur the growth and enhancement of dilapidated urban fabric, ultimately boosting a city's competitiveness. The primary aim of this research was to analyze and model the regeneration of the worn-out urban areas of Shahr-e-Kord from urban branding perspective. The worn-out tissue of Shahr-e-Kord was selected as a case study. This was an applied research study with a descriptive-correlational purpose. The data were collected through documentary and field methods. The statistical population included 8292 residents of Shahr-e-Kord worn-out fabric with a sample of 367 participants selected using Cochran's formula. The questionnaires were completed by 400 participants using cluster sampling and simple classification. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in PLS software was employed for data analysis. The results indicated that physical and spatial interventions (path coefficient of 0.508) had the most significant impact on the effective regeneration of Shahr-e-Kord worn-out fabric followed by marketing and place promotion components (coefficient of 0.355). Non-spatial interventions (0.214) and indirect marketing effects (0.180) ranked lower in influence. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a strong, positive, and significant influence of the branding variable on the regeneration of the worn-out urban fabric with an impact coefficient of 0.833. This suggested that a change in urban branding factors and components could lead to favorable changes in urban regeneration variables. Keywords: Urban Regeneration, Urban Branding, Dilapidated Fabric, Shahr-e-Kord. Introduction Urban regeneration approach is one of the newest paradigms for revitalizing worn-out urban areas. This approach has a significant impact on the quality of life and sustainability of residents. When combined with creative strategies like urban branding, it can spur the growth of dilapidated urban fabric and enhance a city's competitiveness. In addition to its positive effects on developing and promoting cities' competitive advantages, this strategy is also recommended as a suitable tool for recreating and revitalizing historical neighborhoods. Therefore, creating an integrated framework that considers both branding and urban regeneration strategies can yield highly favorable results. Based on this, the primary aim of the current research was to explain the model of how the components of an urban branding strategy influenced the success of urban regeneration in the dilapidated context of Shahr-e-Kord. Materials & Methods This research was an applied study with a descriptive-correlational approach. The data collection methods used were documentary and field-based. The statistical population comprised all residents of Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric, totaling 8292 people. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of 367 individuals was selected and the questionnaires were completed by 400 participants through cluster sampling and simple classification. The research variables were drawn from two primary indicators of urban regeneration, including 4 sub-indices (economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental), and urban branding, including 4 sub-indices (physical-spatial interventions, non-spatial branding interventions, marketing and place promotion, and indirect branding effects). The validity and reliability of the research instrument were then assessed. Finally, the impact of urban regeneration on branding was modeled. To analyze the research data, several techniques were employed. First, the normality of the data was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in SPSS software across the research variables. Next, the construct validity of the research variables and their resulting indices were examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, to answer the research questions, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach in the Smart-PLS software environment. Research Findings The data were analyzed using the ESM method. The validity assessment results showed that all research variables had a value of greater than 0.4, indicating maximum validity. Additionally, the reliability of the available options demonstrated high reliability of the research components through the application of various methods (AVE and CR). The findings revealed that among the urban branding components, the component of physical-spatial interventions had the greatest impact on the effective regeneration of Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric. This component with a path coefficient of 0.508 explained a little more than half of the changes in urban regeneration. This suggested that physical and spatial reforms had to be made through branding tools to regenerate Shahr-e-Kord's worn-out urban fabric. Other influential factors on urban regeneration were marketing and place promotion (0.355), non-spatial interventions (0.214), and indirect marketing effects (0.180) in order of importance. Furthermore, the results from the final SEM showed a positive, strong, and significant influence of the branding variable on the regeneration of the worn-out urban fabric with an influence coefficient of 0.833. This meant that a one-unit change in the factors and components of urban branding had led to a favorable change in the variables of urban regeneration. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Inefficient and dilapidated urban areas, such as the one examined in this study, make up a substantial portion of the surface area of cities across the country. These areas pose significant challenges for urban management and planning due to their numerous economic, social, physical, functional, transportation, and environmental problems. The present study aimed to model the impact of urban regeneration on the branding of Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric. The analysis of the variables and items (based on field and experimental studies in the area) indicated the existence of severe problems, dissatisfaction, and deep weaknesses in the worn-out fabric of the study area. The theoretical average of less than 3 for about 90% of the variables confirmed this, suggesting that the concepts of regeneration and urban branding in these communities were weak and indicated a lack of subjective satisfaction among the residents. Furthermore, the results from the SEM showed a significant and strong impact of the component of primary urban branding on regeneration, where changes in one component led to significant changes in the other. This implied that the factors of social, economic, physical, and environmental regeneration and revitalization in Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric had a substantial effect on increasing the stability and preparedness of this fabric for successful branding of the area. In conclusion, the findings highlight the critical role of urban branding in the regeneration of dilapidated urban areas, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, integrated strategies that address the multifaceted challenges of these communities. Successful urban regeneration and branding can contribute to the overall development and revitalization of deteriorated urban fabrics. Abstract Urban regeneration, a contemporary approach to revitalizing worn-out urban areas, has a tremendous impact on the quality of life and sustainability of residents. When combined with creative strategies like urban branding, this approach can spur the growth and enhancement of dilapidated urban fabric, ultimately boosting a city's competitiveness. The primary aim of this research was to analyze and model the regeneration of the worn-out urban areas of Shahr-e-Kord from urban branding perspective. The worn-out tissue of Shahr-e-Kord was selected as a case study. This was an applied research study with a descriptive-correlational purpose. The data were collected through documentary and field methods. The statistical population included 8292 residents of Shahr-e-Kord worn-out fabric with a sample of 367 participants selected using Cochran's formula. The questionnaires were completed by 400 participants using cluster sampling and simple classification. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in PLS software was employed for data analysis. The results indicated that physical and spatial interventions (path coefficient of 0.508) had the most significant impact on the effective regeneration of Shahr-e-Kord worn-out fabric followed by marketing and place promotion components (coefficient of 0.355). Non-spatial interventions (0.214) and indirect marketing effects (0.180) ranked lower in influence. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated a strong, positive, and significant influence of the branding variable on the regeneration of the worn-out urban fabric with an impact coefficient of 0.833. This suggested that a change in urban branding factors and components could lead to favorable changes in urban regeneration variables. Keywords: Urban Regeneration, Urban Branding, Dilapidated Fabric, Shahr-e-Kord. Introduction Urban regeneration approach is one of the newest paradigms for revitalizing worn-out urban areas. This approach has a significant impact on the quality of life and sustainability of residents. When combined with creative strategies like urban branding, it can spur the growth of dilapidated urban fabric and enhance a city's competitiveness. In addition to its positive effects on developing and promoting cities' competitive advantages, this strategy is also recommended as a suitable tool for recreating and revitalizing historical neighborhoods. Therefore, creating an integrated framework that considers both branding and urban regeneration strategies can yield highly favorable results. Based on this, the primary aim of the current research was to explain the model of how the components of an urban branding strategy influenced the success of urban regeneration in the dilapidated context of Shahr-e-Kord. Materials & Methods This research was an applied study with a descriptive-correlational approach. The data collection methods used were documentary and field-based. The statistical population comprised all residents of Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric, totaling 8292 people. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of 367 individuals was selected and the questionnaires were completed by 400 participants through cluster sampling and simple classification. The research variables were drawn from two primary indicators of urban regeneration, including 4 sub-indices (economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental), and urban branding, including 4 sub-indices (physical-spatial interventions, non-spatial branding interventions, marketing and place promotion, and indirect branding effects). The validity and reliability of the research instrument were then assessed. Finally, the impact of urban regeneration on branding was modeled. To analyze the research data, several techniques were employed. First, the normality of the data was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in SPSS software across the research variables. Next, the construct validity of the research variables and their resulting indices were examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, to answer the research questions, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach in the Smart-PLS software environment. Research Findings The data were analyzed using the ESM method. The validity assessment results showed that all research variables had a value of greater than 0.4, indicating maximum validity. Additionally, the reliability of the available options demonstrated high reliability of the research components through the application of various methods (AVE and CR). The findings revealed that among the urban branding components, the component of physical-spatial interventions had the greatest impact on the effective regeneration of Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric. This component with a path coefficient of 0.508 explained a little more than half of the changes in urban regeneration. This suggested that physical and spatial reforms had to be made through branding tools to regenerate Shahr-e-Kord's worn-out urban fabric. Other influential factors on urban regeneration were marketing and place promotion (0.355), non-spatial interventions (0.214), and indirect marketing effects (0.180) in order of importance. Furthermore, the results from the final SEM showed a positive, strong, and significant influence of the branding variable on the regeneration of the worn-out urban fabric with an influence coefficient of 0.833. This meant that a one-unit change in the factors and components of urban branding had led to a favorable change in the variables of urban regeneration. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Inefficient and dilapidated urban areas, such as the one examined in this study, make up a substantial portion of the surface area of cities across the country. These areas pose significant challenges for urban management and planning due to their numerous economic, social, physical, functional, transportation, and environmental problems. The present study aimed to model the impact of urban regeneration on the branding of Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric. The analysis of the variables and items (based on field and experimental studies in the area) indicated the existence of severe problems, dissatisfaction, and deep weaknesses in the worn-out fabric of the study area. The theoretical average of less than 3 for about 90% of the variables confirmed this, suggesting that the concepts of regeneration and urban branding in these communities were weak and indicated a lack of subjective satisfaction among the residents. Furthermore, the results from the SEM showed a significant and strong impact of the component of primary urban branding on regeneration, where changes in one component led to significant changes in the other. This implied that the factors of social, economic, physical, and environmental regeneration and revitalization in Shahr-e-Kord's dilapidated urban fabric had a substantial effect on increasing the stability and preparedness of this fabric for successful branding of the area. In conclusion, the findings highlight the critical role of urban branding in the regeneration of dilapidated urban areas, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, integrated strategies that address the multifaceted challenges of these communities. Successful urban regeneration and branding can contribute to the overall development and revitalization of deteriorated urban fabrics.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28452_c017ae389fd8f476febe5c244d4a0637.pdf