University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 1 2024 03 20 “The strategies of Environmental empowerment in human settlements (Study of Delfan, Lorestan province) “The strategies of Environmental empowerment in human settlements (Study of Delfan, Lorestan province) 1 20 28028 10.22108/sppl.2023.138376.1735 FA Mostafa Mohammadi Dehcheshme Associate professor in Geography and Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2023 07 17 Abstract ‎ Background: Today, active participation and empowerment of rural communities are essential for achieving environmental sustainability. Empowering local people will lead to their active involvement in environmental protection. ‎ Research Method: This research aimed to elucidate the concept of environmental empowerment strategy in rural communities, identify effective indicators, and present strategies in South Mirbeg District. It is a part of basic research with an exploratory approach due to its purpose and descriptive-analytical methodology. After identifying and defining the effective components of environmental empowerment through literature review and expert opinions, a specialized questionnaire was designed to collect information from 365 households and 5 villages.‎ Research Innovation: The innovative aspect of this research lay in the thematic combination of empowerment and environmental strategies.‎ Research Findings: The components of new environmental technologies (A4) with a weighting factor of 0.094, financial incentives (A8) with a weighting factor of 0.094, and environmental investments (A11) with a weighting factor of 0.086 had the greatest effects on the process of environmental empowerment in the territory. Among the selected indicators, the effect coefficient of managers and decision-makers (A14) with a weighted value of 0.014 and the index of extrapolated plans and programs (A15) with a weighted value of 0.019 had the lowest effects on the process of environmental empowerment of residents in the territory. ‎ Keywords: Environmental Protection, Environmental Empowerment, Native-Local Communities, Mirbeg District Introduction ‎ The environment is a focal point of global political debates and the necessity has compelled humanity to take it seriously as a political and social issue, aiming to prevent further disruption of the Earth's natural harmony and to act as stewards of the Earth and its inhabitants. ‎ Indeed, participation and empowerment of local communities in environmental planning represent a practical approach to addressing inadequacies caused by top-down programs. Environmental empowerment emphasizes participatory dimensions in development plans and serves as a platform for realizing various aspects of village development. ‎ Delfan Township located in Lorestan Province comprises 3 divisions, 10 districts, and 532 villages, while 96 villages are uninhabited. South Mirbeg District, a part of Delfan City, has a population of 5817 and 1664 households with 10 villages and is situated in the central part of the city. This district includes 43 villages, while 40 villages are inhabited and 3 villages are uninhabited. Environmental challenges faced by rural communities in this area include climate change, unsustainable water resource usage, soil degradation, excessive chemical use in agriculture, biodiversity reduction, unstable migration, and lack of access to basic services in villages. ‎ In this context, environmental empowerment of local communities is an effective strategy for environmental protection in rural areas and on a global scale. It leads to changes in the environmental behavior of villagers and directly impacts the actions of villagers and the environment. Therefore, this research aimed to explain the concept of environmental empowerment and prioritize the components that affect it. ‎ Materials & Methods This research constituted a combined basic and applied study and methodologically, it was categorized as descriptive-analytical. The effective components of environmental empowerment were identified and defined through library studies and expert opinions, forming a comprehensive data bank on the subject. Subsequently, a specialized questionnaire was developed to gather information from 365 households and 5 villages in the countryside of Mirbeg, employing a stratified distribution. The collected data were then analyzed using the ANP-DEMATLE hybrid model. Research Findings The results of the structural model of ANP-DEMATLE indicated that, according to the respondents in 5 selected villages in Mirbeg District, the indicators of A4 and A8 were identified as the most effective with an importance coefficient of 0.094. Conversely, Index A14 (the role of managers and decision makers) was recognized as the least important indicator in the process of environmental empowerment in the selected villages. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Environmental protection, while being a duty of governments, also necessitates the genuine and conscious participation of people. Paying attention to local communities and their environmental knowledge is an effective means to enhance villagers’ capabilities, significantly contributing to the cultivation of a culture of environmental protection. In such a scenario, villagers’ participation can play a pivotal role in preserving and supporting the rural environment. Furthermore, in alignment with the realization of environmental goals and residents’ participation, there is a need for programs and policies from environmental institutions. This can only be achieved through participatory and effective management of programs and policies. Empowering communities related to environmental protection is a fundamental prerequisite, encompassing the evaluation of villagers' sensitivity to the environmental values of their regions. In this context, the most crucial components of empowerment, such as new environmental technologies, financial incentives, environmental investments, provision of financial and supportive facilities, economic foundations, selection of expert and experienced managers, support and encouragement of environmentally compatible investments and technologies, job creation, expansion of income opportunities, establishment of environmental audit systems, and efforts to create and strengthen institutions and non-governmental organizations, were thoroughly examined. Abstract ‎ Background: Today, active participation and empowerment of rural communities are essential for achieving environmental sustainability. Empowering local people will lead to their active involvement in environmental protection. ‎ Research Method: This research aimed to elucidate the concept of environmental empowerment strategy in rural communities, identify effective indicators, and present strategies in South Mirbeg District. It is a part of basic research with an exploratory approach due to its purpose and descriptive-analytical methodology. After identifying and defining the effective components of environmental empowerment through literature review and expert opinions, a specialized questionnaire was designed to collect information from 365 households and 5 villages.‎ Research Innovation: The innovative aspect of this research lay in the thematic combination of empowerment and environmental strategies.‎ Research Findings: The components of new environmental technologies (A4) with a weighting factor of 0.094, financial incentives (A8) with a weighting factor of 0.094, and environmental investments (A11) with a weighting factor of 0.086 had the greatest effects on the process of environmental empowerment in the territory. Among the selected indicators, the effect coefficient of managers and decision-makers (A14) with a weighted value of 0.014 and the index of extrapolated plans and programs (A15) with a weighted value of 0.019 had the lowest effects on the process of environmental empowerment of residents in the territory. ‎ Keywords: Environmental Protection, Environmental Empowerment, Native-Local Communities, Mirbeg District Introduction ‎ The environment is a focal point of global political debates and the necessity has compelled humanity to take it seriously as a political and social issue, aiming to prevent further disruption of the Earth's natural harmony and to act as stewards of the Earth and its inhabitants. ‎ Indeed, participation and empowerment of local communities in environmental planning represent a practical approach to addressing inadequacies caused by top-down programs. Environmental empowerment emphasizes participatory dimensions in development plans and serves as a platform for realizing various aspects of village development. ‎ Delfan Township located in Lorestan Province comprises 3 divisions, 10 districts, and 532 villages, while 96 villages are uninhabited. South Mirbeg District, a part of Delfan City, has a population of 5817 and 1664 households with 10 villages and is situated in the central part of the city. This district includes 43 villages, while 40 villages are inhabited and 3 villages are uninhabited. Environmental challenges faced by rural communities in this area include climate change, unsustainable water resource usage, soil degradation, excessive chemical use in agriculture, biodiversity reduction, unstable migration, and lack of access to basic services in villages. ‎ In this context, environmental empowerment of local communities is an effective strategy for environmental protection in rural areas and on a global scale. It leads to changes in the environmental behavior of villagers and directly impacts the actions of villagers and the environment. Therefore, this research aimed to explain the concept of environmental empowerment and prioritize the components that affect it. ‎ Materials & Methods This research constituted a combined basic and applied study and methodologically, it was categorized as descriptive-analytical. The effective components of environmental empowerment were identified and defined through library studies and expert opinions, forming a comprehensive data bank on the subject. Subsequently, a specialized questionnaire was developed to gather information from 365 households and 5 villages in the countryside of Mirbeg, employing a stratified distribution. The collected data were then analyzed using the ANP-DEMATLE hybrid model. Research Findings The results of the structural model of ANP-DEMATLE indicated that, according to the respondents in 5 selected villages in Mirbeg District, the indicators of A4 and A8 were identified as the most effective with an importance coefficient of 0.094. Conversely, Index A14 (the role of managers and decision makers) was recognized as the least important indicator in the process of environmental empowerment in the selected villages. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Environmental protection, while being a duty of governments, also necessitates the genuine and conscious participation of people. Paying attention to local communities and their environmental knowledge is an effective means to enhance villagers’ capabilities, significantly contributing to the cultivation of a culture of environmental protection. In such a scenario, villagers’ participation can play a pivotal role in preserving and supporting the rural environment. Furthermore, in alignment with the realization of environmental goals and residents’ participation, there is a need for programs and policies from environmental institutions. This can only be achieved through participatory and effective management of programs and policies. Empowering communities related to environmental protection is a fundamental prerequisite, encompassing the evaluation of villagers' sensitivity to the environmental values of their regions. In this context, the most crucial components of empowerment, such as new environmental technologies, financial incentives, environmental investments, provision of financial and supportive facilities, economic foundations, selection of expert and experienced managers, support and encouragement of environmentally compatible investments and technologies, job creation, expansion of income opportunities, establishment of environmental audit systems, and efforts to create and strengthen institutions and non-governmental organizations, were thoroughly examined.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28028_721e2c5aab9db92185637a6e058a8331.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 1 2024 03 20 Designing A Standard Model of Sports Facilities Based on the Combination of Environmental and Climatic Variables in Ardebil Province Using Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) and Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) Methods Designing A Standard Model of Sports Facilities Based on the Combination of Environmental and Climatic Variables in Ardebil Province Using Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) and Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) Methods 21 38 28126 10.22108/sppl.2024.138379.1736 FA Bromand Salahi Professor of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Mahmoud Behrouzi Environmental Hazards, Marine Science Institute, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 07 18 Abstract Background: This study aimed to assess the suitability of land for constructing an outdoor sports stadium in Ardebil Province, focusing on the climate. Methodology: Weather variables, such as mean temperature, snowfall, and rainfall, along with environmental factors, were considered. The evaluation utilized a combination of Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), and Geographic Information System (GIS). A separate layer was created for each variable and after determining their weights, overlaying the layers with fuzzing was used to identify optimal lands for sports facilities in Ardebil Province. Results: The findings indicated that snowy days and average temperature were the most significant factors influencing the selection of land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.241 and 0.163, respectively. Among the environmental criteria, land slope and elevation were the most important factors for selecting land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.294 and 0.166, respectively. The land suitability results revealed that areas in the northern half of Ardebil Province, particularly Moghan Plain, Garmi, Aslandoz, and Beile-Savar, were highly suitable for constructing a sports stadium. Keywords: Ardebil Province, Climate, Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), Sports Facilities, Suitability of Lands. Introduction This study focused on assessing the suitability of land for constructing an outdoor sports stadium in Ardabil Province, taking into account the climate. The construction of outdoor sports complexes is influenced by environmental and economic factors with climatic conditions being particularly crucial in selecting suitable locations for such stadiums. Ardabil Province boasts diverse topographical, geographical, and climatic conditions, all of which significantly impact the planning of its sports facilities. With its cold and dry climate and substantial variation in altitude, careful consideration of the type and location of sports facilities is essential in this province. Materials & Methods To identify potential sites for constructing outdoor sports facilities in Ardabil Province, a climate-spatial information database pertaining to sports facilities in the region was initially established. Subsequently, both quantitative and qualitative criteria and sub-criteria related to climate essential for developing a standard model for sports facilities were compiled. The climatic criteria considered in the assessment of sports facilities encompassed snow days, average temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Environmental criteria included proximity to urban areas, elevation classes, land use, distance from rivers and roads, land slope, soil type, and distance from villages. For the climatic sub-criteria, meteorological data for Ardabil Province from 2000 to 2020 were gathered and spatial distribution maps of meteorological parameters were generated. Regarding the environmental sub-criteria, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Ardabil Province with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters was created using data from the SRTM sensor and surface topology, geological, and soil maps of Ardabil Province were prepared in ArcGIS. Additionally, a land use map was generated using Landsat 8 imagery and a map of land use classes for 2022 was produced by implementing the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm on the training points. Subsequently, a layer was created in ArcGIS for each sub-criterion and Euclidean distance maps were generated for them. Fuzzy operators were employed to render each map fuzzy, resulting in the creation of fuzzy maps and their fuzzy weights and degrees were determined using Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP). 20 questionnaires were developed using the Delphi method and their validity and reliability were confirmed through the KS test. The fuzzy overlay method employing the SUM operator was utilized to identify optimal lands for constructing a sports stadium in Ardabil Province. Research Findings The results obtained from the fuzzy network analysis technique revealed that, among the climatic criteria, snow days and average temperature with fuzzy degrees of 0.241 and 0.163, respectively, exerted the most significant influence on the selection of land for constructing sports stadiums in Ardabil Province. Furthermore, the findings indicated that, among the environmental criteria, land slope and elevation with fuzzy degrees of 0.294 and 0.166, respectively, were the most crucial factors in determining suitable land for sports stadium construction in Ardabil Province. The map of climate criteria derived from overlaying and weighting the prepared climate layers using the fuzzy network analysis identified Pars Abad, Beile Savar, Garmi, and Aslandoz to be highly suitable for sports stadium construction due to having favorable climate conditions. Conversely, lands in the southern areas of Ardabil Province, particularly the central plains of Ardabil, Khalkhal, and Sarein, were deemed unsuitable due to having severe weather conditions and extreme coldness. Similarly, the map of environmental criteria produced by overlaying and weighting the prepared environmental layers using the fuzzy network analysis indicated that lands in Ardabil Plain, Abibi Biglo Plain, Mughan Plain, and to some extent, Meshkin-Shahr were suitable for constructing sports structures and open stadiums. Conversely, the heights of Sablan, Khalkhal, and the southeast of Ardabil were deemed unsuitable for sports stadium construction due to having harsh environmental conditions, including high slopes, elevations, and rocky terrain. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The assessment of land suitability revealed that the most suitable areas for constructing a sports stadium and outdoor sports facilities in Ardabil Province were situated in the northern half, particularly in Mughan Plain, Garmi, Aslandoz, and Beile Sawar. Conversely, the central and southern regions of Ardabil Province, especially the heights of Meshkinshahr and Khalkhal, were deemed unsuitable for sports stadium construction. Ardabil Plain, Meshkinshahr, Namin, and the southern part of Firozabad had the potential for constructing sports stadiums with specific arrangements. Abstract Background: This study aimed to assess the suitability of land for constructing an outdoor sports stadium in Ardebil Province, focusing on the climate. Methodology: Weather variables, such as mean temperature, snowfall, and rainfall, along with environmental factors, were considered. The evaluation utilized a combination of Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), and Geographic Information System (GIS). A separate layer was created for each variable and after determining their weights, overlaying the layers with fuzzing was used to identify optimal lands for sports facilities in Ardebil Province. Results: The findings indicated that snowy days and average temperature were the most significant factors influencing the selection of land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.241 and 0.163, respectively. Among the environmental criteria, land slope and elevation were the most important factors for selecting land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.294 and 0.166, respectively. The land suitability results revealed that areas in the northern half of Ardebil Province, particularly Moghan Plain, Garmi, Aslandoz, and Beile-Savar, were highly suitable for constructing a sports stadium. Keywords: Ardebil Province, Climate, Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), Sports Facilities, Suitability of Lands. Introduction This study focused on assessing the suitability of land for constructing an outdoor sports stadium in Ardabil Province, taking into account the climate. The construction of outdoor sports complexes is influenced by environmental and economic factors with climatic conditions being particularly crucial in selecting suitable locations for such stadiums. Ardabil Province boasts diverse topographical, geographical, and climatic conditions, all of which significantly impact the planning of its sports facilities. With its cold and dry climate and substantial variation in altitude, careful consideration of the type and location of sports facilities is essential in this province. Materials & Methods To identify potential sites for constructing outdoor sports facilities in Ardabil Province, a climate-spatial information database pertaining to sports facilities in the region was initially established. Subsequently, both quantitative and qualitative criteria and sub-criteria related to climate essential for developing a standard model for sports facilities were compiled. The climatic criteria considered in the assessment of sports facilities encompassed snow days, average temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Environmental criteria included proximity to urban areas, elevation classes, land use, distance from rivers and roads, land slope, soil type, and distance from villages. For the climatic sub-criteria, meteorological data for Ardabil Province from 2000 to 2020 were gathered and spatial distribution maps of meteorological parameters were generated. Regarding the environmental sub-criteria, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Ardabil Province with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters was created using data from the SRTM sensor and surface topology, geological, and soil maps of Ardabil Province were prepared in ArcGIS. Additionally, a land use map was generated using Landsat 8 imagery and a map of land use classes for 2022 was produced by implementing the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm on the training points. Subsequently, a layer was created in ArcGIS for each sub-criterion and Euclidean distance maps were generated for them. Fuzzy operators were employed to render each map fuzzy, resulting in the creation of fuzzy maps and their fuzzy weights and degrees were determined using Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP). 20 questionnaires were developed using the Delphi method and their validity and reliability were confirmed through the KS test. The fuzzy overlay method employing the SUM operator was utilized to identify optimal lands for constructing a sports stadium in Ardabil Province. Research Findings The results obtained from the fuzzy network analysis technique revealed that, among the climatic criteria, snow days and average temperature with fuzzy degrees of 0.241 and 0.163, respectively, exerted the most significant influence on the selection of land for constructing sports stadiums in Ardabil Province. Furthermore, the findings indicated that, among the environmental criteria, land slope and elevation with fuzzy degrees of 0.294 and 0.166, respectively, were the most crucial factors in determining suitable land for sports stadium construction in Ardabil Province. The map of climate criteria derived from overlaying and weighting the prepared climate layers using the fuzzy network analysis identified Pars Abad, Beile Savar, Garmi, and Aslandoz to be highly suitable for sports stadium construction due to having favorable climate conditions. Conversely, lands in the southern areas of Ardabil Province, particularly the central plains of Ardabil, Khalkhal, and Sarein, were deemed unsuitable due to having severe weather conditions and extreme coldness. Similarly, the map of environmental criteria produced by overlaying and weighting the prepared environmental layers using the fuzzy network analysis indicated that lands in Ardabil Plain, Abibi Biglo Plain, Mughan Plain, and to some extent, Meshkin-Shahr were suitable for constructing sports structures and open stadiums. Conversely, the heights of Sablan, Khalkhal, and the southeast of Ardabil were deemed unsuitable for sports stadium construction due to having harsh environmental conditions, including high slopes, elevations, and rocky terrain. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The assessment of land suitability revealed that the most suitable areas for constructing a sports stadium and outdoor sports facilities in Ardabil Province were situated in the northern half, particularly in Mughan Plain, Garmi, Aslandoz, and Beile Sawar. Conversely, the central and southern regions of Ardabil Province, especially the heights of Meshkinshahr and Khalkhal, were deemed unsuitable for sports stadium construction. Ardabil Plain, Meshkinshahr, Namin, and the southern part of Firozabad had the potential for constructing sports stadiums with specific arrangements.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28126_029cec2d8b755a42923c5ad68cc5abaf.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 1 2024 03 20 Locating Religious Tourism Eco-Camps in the West of Iran (Case Study: Sample Area of Weis Al-Qarn Tourism, Kermanshah Province, Iran) Locating Religious Tourism Eco-Camps in the West of Iran (Case Study: Sample Area of Weis Al-Qarn Tourism, Kermanshah Province, Iran) 39 62 28156 10.22108/sppl.2024.140186.1765 FA Davood Jamini Assistant Professor, Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran (Part-time Researcher at Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran) Amin Dehghani Assistant professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Jiroft, Kerman, Iran Ramin Atashbahar Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Arash Rezaei Ph.D. student in Construction Management, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2023 12 24 Abstract Establishing tourism eco-camps is a key strategy for sustainable tourism development, particularly in religious tourism destinations, as it enhances their appeal and economic value while preserving spiritual and historical sites. Weis Al-Qarn, a popular tourist destination in Kermanshah Province, attracts a significant number of visitors annually. Introducing a tourism eco-camp in this area can be a crucial step towards achieving sustainable religious tourism objectives. Hence, this quantitative and applied research aimed to identify an appropriate location for a tourism eco-camp in the tourist area of Weis Al-Qarn in Kermanshah Province. To accomplish this objective, 12 criteria, including elevation, slope, annual solar radiation angle, geology, proximity to landslide areas, distance from the river, distance from roads, land use, vegetation differentiation index, distance from cemeteries, distance from the court of Weis Al-Qarn, and proximity to paragliding sites, were employed. The data analysis involved using the overlay method and the Weighted Sum tool in ArcGIS software. The research findings revealed that out of the total investigated area of 219.39 ha for the tourism eco-camp construction, approximately 32.2 ha were classified as highly suitable, 55.03 ha as suitable, 60.76 ha as moderately suitable, 45.73 ha as unsuitable, and 25.66 ha as highly unsuitable. The highly suitable area was predominantly located in the southern and southeastern parts of the study area with a limited portion in the western section. Keywords: Religious Tourism, Sample Tourism Areas, Location, Wais al-Qarn, Kermanshah. Introduction Weis Al-Qarn Shrine situated in Kermanshah Province serves as a significant site for religious tourism. The presence of a paragliding flight site in its vicinity coupled with the pristine and captivating natural landscape surrounding it adds to the allure of this tourist destination. With the growing recognition of the role of religious tourism in fostering sustainable development within host communities, researchers have shown increasing interest in this domain. However, the existing studies predominantly focus on shrines located in urban areas, while those situated in rural and sparsely populated regions have received limited attention. Presently, one of the major challenges faced by our country in tourism is the lack of accommodation facilities and services for tourists. Offering diverse accommodation options that cater to the preferences of tourists can attract a broader range of visitor groups. Consequently, identifying suitable areas for tourism development, specifically for the establishment of eco-camps, is a crucial concern for tourism planners. In line with this objective and to maximize the benefits of tourism while minimizing environmental degradation in these tourist sites, the concept of designing eco-camps based on the principles of ecotourism and sustainable development has been proposed. Considering the current circumstances of religious tourism in the country, including the research gap concerning non-urban religious tourism and inadequate accommodation infrastructure for religious tourists, Weis Al-Qarn Shrine faces similar challenges. Therefore, in this study, the researchers aimed to address the following question: What are the favorable locations for constructing eco-camps to enhance religious tourism in the area of Weis Al-Qarn Shrine? Materials and Methods This study adopted a quantitative and applied research methodology, combining documentary methods (analysis of relevant articles, organizational data, etc.) and surveys to gather expert opinions and insights. The research process can be summarized as follows: The initial step involved a comprehensive review of relevant literature and extraction of the key components and criteria for locating tourism eco-camps. Next, the necessary layers for identifying suitable locations for the eco-camp were prepared. The third stage involved data processing, analysis, and synthesis. Finally, the results were presented through the preparation and interpretation of final plots. Research Findings To achieve the main objective of this research, 12 criteria were utilized, including elevation, slope, annual solar radiation angle, geology, distance from landslide areas, distance from the river, distance from roads, land use, vegetation differentiation index, distance from cemeteries, distance from the court of Weis Al-Qarn, and proximity to the paragliding flight site. The research findings revealed that out of the total investigated area of 219.39 ha for the construction of a tourism eco-camp, approximately 32.2 ha were classified as highly suitable, 55.03 ha as suitable, 60.76 ha as moderately suitable, 45.73 ha as unsuitable, and 25.66 ha as highly unsuitable. The highly suitable area was predominantly located in the southern and southeastern parts of the study area with a limited portion in the western section. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The extensive geographical area identified for the establishment of a tourism eco-camp offers significant opportunities for the development and diversification of tourism activities in the exemplary tourism area of Weis Al-Qarn. Religious tourism holds great significance in Islam and contributes to various dimensions of sustainable development. Given the limited existing studies in this field, this study serves as a foundation for future research on the subject matter. It provides valuable insights that can inform and inspire further investigations in this area. Abstract Establishing tourism eco-camps is a key strategy for sustainable tourism development, particularly in religious tourism destinations, as it enhances their appeal and economic value while preserving spiritual and historical sites. Weis Al-Qarn, a popular tourist destination in Kermanshah Province, attracts a significant number of visitors annually. Introducing a tourism eco-camp in this area can be a crucial step towards achieving sustainable religious tourism objectives. Hence, this quantitative and applied research aimed to identify an appropriate location for a tourism eco-camp in the tourist area of Weis Al-Qarn in Kermanshah Province. To accomplish this objective, 12 criteria, including elevation, slope, annual solar radiation angle, geology, proximity to landslide areas, distance from the river, distance from roads, land use, vegetation differentiation index, distance from cemeteries, distance from the court of Weis Al-Qarn, and proximity to paragliding sites, were employed. The data analysis involved using the overlay method and the Weighted Sum tool in ArcGIS software. The research findings revealed that out of the total investigated area of 219.39 ha for the tourism eco-camp construction, approximately 32.2 ha were classified as highly suitable, 55.03 ha as suitable, 60.76 ha as moderately suitable, 45.73 ha as unsuitable, and 25.66 ha as highly unsuitable. The highly suitable area was predominantly located in the southern and southeastern parts of the study area with a limited portion in the western section. Keywords: Religious Tourism, Sample Tourism Areas, Location, Wais al-Qarn, Kermanshah. Introduction Weis Al-Qarn Shrine situated in Kermanshah Province serves as a significant site for religious tourism. The presence of a paragliding flight site in its vicinity coupled with the pristine and captivating natural landscape surrounding it adds to the allure of this tourist destination. With the growing recognition of the role of religious tourism in fostering sustainable development within host communities, researchers have shown increasing interest in this domain. However, the existing studies predominantly focus on shrines located in urban areas, while those situated in rural and sparsely populated regions have received limited attention. Presently, one of the major challenges faced by our country in tourism is the lack of accommodation facilities and services for tourists. Offering diverse accommodation options that cater to the preferences of tourists can attract a broader range of visitor groups. Consequently, identifying suitable areas for tourism development, specifically for the establishment of eco-camps, is a crucial concern for tourism planners. In line with this objective and to maximize the benefits of tourism while minimizing environmental degradation in these tourist sites, the concept of designing eco-camps based on the principles of ecotourism and sustainable development has been proposed. Considering the current circumstances of religious tourism in the country, including the research gap concerning non-urban religious tourism and inadequate accommodation infrastructure for religious tourists, Weis Al-Qarn Shrine faces similar challenges. Therefore, in this study, the researchers aimed to address the following question: What are the favorable locations for constructing eco-camps to enhance religious tourism in the area of Weis Al-Qarn Shrine? Materials and Methods This study adopted a quantitative and applied research methodology, combining documentary methods (analysis of relevant articles, organizational data, etc.) and surveys to gather expert opinions and insights. The research process can be summarized as follows: The initial step involved a comprehensive review of relevant literature and extraction of the key components and criteria for locating tourism eco-camps. Next, the necessary layers for identifying suitable locations for the eco-camp were prepared. The third stage involved data processing, analysis, and synthesis. Finally, the results were presented through the preparation and interpretation of final plots. Research Findings To achieve the main objective of this research, 12 criteria were utilized, including elevation, slope, annual solar radiation angle, geology, distance from landslide areas, distance from the river, distance from roads, land use, vegetation differentiation index, distance from cemeteries, distance from the court of Weis Al-Qarn, and proximity to the paragliding flight site. The research findings revealed that out of the total investigated area of 219.39 ha for the construction of a tourism eco-camp, approximately 32.2 ha were classified as highly suitable, 55.03 ha as suitable, 60.76 ha as moderately suitable, 45.73 ha as unsuitable, and 25.66 ha as highly unsuitable. The highly suitable area was predominantly located in the southern and southeastern parts of the study area with a limited portion in the western section. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The extensive geographical area identified for the establishment of a tourism eco-camp offers significant opportunities for the development and diversification of tourism activities in the exemplary tourism area of Weis Al-Qarn. Religious tourism holds great significance in Islam and contributes to various dimensions of sustainable development. Given the limited existing studies in this field, this study serves as a foundation for future research on the subject matter. It provides valuable insights that can inform and inspire further investigations in this area.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28156_3dd047ea1a4718ea5ab2fe27205b36ad.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 1 2024 03 20 Location and Architectural Design of Urban Office Spaces with a Passive Defense Approach (Case Study: Zone 4 of Tabriz City) Location and Architectural Design of Urban Office Spaces with a Passive Defense Approach (Case Study: Zone 4 of Tabriz City) 63 86 28100 10.22108/sppl.2024.137711.1726 FA Aram Khezerlou Instructor and faculty member of the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning, and Art, rmiUa University, Iran Parya Shafipour Yourdshahi Instructor and faculty member of the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 05 22 Abstract Problem Statement: The location and architectural design of administrative sites play a crucial role in achieving passive defense goals and facilitating decision-making at various strategic levels. Office spaces are a key consideration for urban planners and designers. Objective: This applied research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, aimed to identify and design administrative sites in the 4th district of Tabriz City. Methodology: The study employed documentary methods and questionnaires to gather information. The research population consisted of 30 individuals with 28 ones selected as the statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. The IHWP model's positioning was analyzed using GIS software and the AHP method in Expert Choice software was utilized to assess the impact of architectural design indicators on office spaces within the sample. Innovation: The research findings revealed that from among the 4 regions of Tabriz municipality, 3% exhibited very low desirability, 15.9% had low desirability, 43.40% demonstrated moderate desirability, 28.74% displayed high desirability, and 8.96% possessed very high desirability. Notably, desirability tended to decrease from north to south. Furthermore, the study examined 47 architectural indicators for office building design, highlighting the necessity of incorporating secure underground spaces for emergency shelter and safeguarding sensitive areas within office buildings to enhance resilience against potential threats. Ultimately, the research presented the placement and design requirements for office buildings. Keywords: Location, Architectural Design, Passive Defense, Region 4 of Tabriz, IHWP and AHP models. Introduction By observing the conflicts of recent decades, it becomes evident that adversaries have consistently targeted cities and their infrastructures (Brøgger, 2019, p. 2980). Within these infrastructures, service providers, including administrative facilities, encounter numerous challenges (Chipley, 2003, p. 104). Presently, the strategic placement of urban service centers incorporating a passive defense approach stands as a cornerstone for sustainable security and safety, aligning with the evolving needs and expectations of citizens and thereby constituting a fundamental requirement of the planning and management system for a resilient city (Monstadt & Schmidt, 2020). Furthermore, the architectural design of service buildings, such as office spaces, has garnered attention from designers, who, in consideration of the services these spaces are intended to provide, must adhere to the established standards and design criteria (Heyranipour & Khodakarami, 2015). The 4th district of Tabriz City serves as a case study with administrative buildings concentrated in the central and southern areas, while newer office spaces are situated in the northern region. Notably, architectural considerations for passive defense in the design of administrative buildings have not received significant attention. Materials & Methods This study fell within the realm of applied research and utilized a descriptive-analytical research method to identify and design administrative sites in the 4th district of Tabriz City. Documentary methods and questionnaires were employed to gather information. The research population consisted of 30 individuals with 28 ones selected as a statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. To analyze the positioning of the IHWP model in GIS software and assess the impact of architectural design indicators on office spaces within the sample, the AHP method was employed using the Expert Choice software. Research Findings The analysis section was divided into two parts: First part: Locating office uses in the studied sample In this section, the location indicators were assessed by using the IHWP method. The final location map is presented in Figure 1. Table 1: Variables and classified indicators for locating administrative sites in Zone 4 of Tabriz municipality Weighting assumption Reverse rank Rank Indicator Lower importance = favorable location 16 1 degree of user importance Low population density = favorable location 15 2 population density Closer access = favorable location 14 3 Access to crisis management centers and temporary accommodation Fewer number of floors = favorable location 13 4 Number of floors Better compatibility = optimal location 12 5 Compatibility and incompatibility of users Closer access = favorable location 11 6 Access to open and green spaces Closer access = favorable location 10 7 Access to the communication network Closer access = favorable location 9 8 Access to medical centers Closer access = favorable location 8 9 Access to the fire department Closer access = favorable location 7 10 Access to the subway Closer access = favorable location 6 11 Access to multi-purpose centers (mosques, sports facilities, and educational centers) More resistant materials = favorable location 5 12 Type of building materials More distance = better location 4 13 Distance from gas station Better quality = better location 3 14 Building quality Less age = favorable location 2 15 Age of building More distance = better location 1 16 Distance from faults Based on the indicators in Table 1, the data were classified into 5 distinct desirability classes (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), resulting in the production of the final map. Within the entire 4th district of Tabriz municipality, 3% exhibited very low desirability, 15.9% demonstrated low desirability, 43.40% displayed moderate desirability, 28.74% showed high desirability, and 8.96% possessed very high desirability. As depicted in Figure 4, it is evident that the desirability of the region decreases from north to south. Fig. 1: Location of administrative uses in the 4th district of Tabriz municipality by using the IHWP method Second part: Evaluating the influential indicators in the design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense by using the AHP method This research examined 47 architectural indicators for the design of office buildings in terms of their effectiveness with a passive defense approach as shown in Figure 2. 7 indicators, including entrance and exit dimensions (large or small entrance), materials of entrance and exit doors (metal, aluminum, etc.), presence of a safe underground space in the building, placement of sensitive parts of the building in the underground space, multi-purpose approach, and the use of the danger notification system, were found to have a very high degree of importance. Other indicators were also deemed of high and medium importance in the architectural design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense. Based on these results, it could be concluded that incorporating a safe underground space for emergency shelter or placing sensitive parts of the office building in such spaces was imperative to enhance resilience against potential threats. Fig. 2: Weights of the influential indicators in the design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense using the AHP method Discussion of Results & Conclusion In the final section, the requirements for reducing vulnerability through the placement and architectural design of office buildings aimed at facilitating crisis management, minimizing vulnerability, and ensuring continuity of essential activities were presented in Table 2. Table 2: Requirements for Placement and Architectural Design of Office Buildings from the Perspective of Passive Defense Facilitating crisis management The use of glass facades and large windows in areas without proper safety measures can significantly increase casualties and damages due to glass fragmentation. If these elements are used, it is essential to minimize the size of glass parts within the frame and utilize unbreakable, bulletproof, and anti-theft glass in high-risk areas. The essential and sensitive areas of the office building ought to be situated in the central part and on the lower floors, while less critical spaces should be positioned along the outer walls of the building. Protective panels should be installed in front of the building walls to absorb explosion energy. Balconies and terraces on the building facade should be permanent and stable to minimize potential damage in the event of an explosion. The windows should be affixed to the structure by using steel frames, as well as appropriate mortar or other robust elements and materials. Steel doors with steel frames should be employed. By reinforcing the panels of the walls, the columns should be supported to prevent sudden overturning of the building as these walls can bear the load of damaged columns. Large-area facilities, such as multi-purpose indoor sports fields, should preferably be located near the governorate building. The building's entrance should be designed with indirect access in mind whenever possible. The ground level entrance is preferable for crisis management although an entrance lower than the ground level is more advantageous from a passive defense perspective. Reducing vulnerability Front entrances are more suitable as they minimize debris falling and the impact of explosion on the building compared to other entrances. Avoid incorporating decorations and additional elements in building facades that could pose a danger due to blast wave vibrations. Minimize potential issues at floor and roof edges as these areas can experience stress concentration and suction during an explosion. If these elements are unavoidable, they should be designed to withstand the effects of an explosion. To reduce the possibility of blast wave entry, minimize the number of entrances to the building. The presence of a pilot under buildings not only creates a safe space and prevents debris from falling on pedestrians, but also provides shelter from the sun in summer and precipitation in other seasons. Additionally, it allows the blast wave to pass under the buildings, reducing potential damage. Ensure proper distribution of vital, sensitive, and important buildings and uses. The presence of filled and empty spaces can mitigate the effects of an explosion, thus reducing the intensity of blast waves and minimizing building damage. It is advisable to incorporate a diagonal or stepped form in office buildings to mitigate the risk of debris falling into open spaces. Curved corners should be employed in the ground and first floors of the Governor's building to effectively address the impact of explosions and earthquakes. The ground floor level of buildings should be elevated to approximately 120 cm above the ground level to prevent easy access for vehicles. Minimize the use of glass surfaces in office buildings. Whenever feasible, utilize green roofs and facades in office buildings. Utilize materials with a suitable safety factor to enhance safety and reduce the generation of secondary splinters in the main facades. Continuation of necessary activities Ensure architectural form aligns completely with the structural form. From a passive defense perspective, minimize the creation of protrusions and indentations in the facade and plan of the building. The ground floor is crucial in mitigating the effects of explosions; therefore, the materials used in this part should be more durable and stronger than the rest of the building. When it is not feasible to create a sufficient safety distance (stand-off) around the building, anticipate elements and systems for strengthening the building to address potential attacks. Select building materials in a type and color that maximize compatibility with the surrounding environment. To maintain the coherence of administrative buildings and ensure the continuity of necessary activities, the minimum distance to the highway in the main structure of the city should be 400 m and the maximum distance to the main crossing streets should be 200 m. The chosen building materials should be of a type and color that maximize their compatibility with the surrounding environment. For office buildings, in addition to sourcing energy from the national network, emergency and reserve energy sources should be provided. Natural and artificial ventilation systems should be incorporated into the building. Abstract Problem Statement: The location and architectural design of administrative sites play a crucial role in achieving passive defense goals and facilitating decision-making at various strategic levels. Office spaces are a key consideration for urban planners and designers. Objective: This applied research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, aimed to identify and design administrative sites in the 4th district of Tabriz City. Methodology: The study employed documentary methods and questionnaires to gather information. The research population consisted of 30 individuals with 28 ones selected as the statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. The IHWP model's positioning was analyzed using GIS software and the AHP method in Expert Choice software was utilized to assess the impact of architectural design indicators on office spaces within the sample. Innovation: The research findings revealed that from among the 4 regions of Tabriz municipality, 3% exhibited very low desirability, 15.9% had low desirability, 43.40% demonstrated moderate desirability, 28.74% displayed high desirability, and 8.96% possessed very high desirability. Notably, desirability tended to decrease from north to south. Furthermore, the study examined 47 architectural indicators for office building design, highlighting the necessity of incorporating secure underground spaces for emergency shelter and safeguarding sensitive areas within office buildings to enhance resilience against potential threats. Ultimately, the research presented the placement and design requirements for office buildings. Keywords: Location, Architectural Design, Passive Defense, Region 4 of Tabriz, IHWP and AHP models. Introduction By observing the conflicts of recent decades, it becomes evident that adversaries have consistently targeted cities and their infrastructures (Brøgger, 2019, p. 2980). Within these infrastructures, service providers, including administrative facilities, encounter numerous challenges (Chipley, 2003, p. 104). Presently, the strategic placement of urban service centers incorporating a passive defense approach stands as a cornerstone for sustainable security and safety, aligning with the evolving needs and expectations of citizens and thereby constituting a fundamental requirement of the planning and management system for a resilient city (Monstadt & Schmidt, 2020). Furthermore, the architectural design of service buildings, such as office spaces, has garnered attention from designers, who, in consideration of the services these spaces are intended to provide, must adhere to the established standards and design criteria (Heyranipour & Khodakarami, 2015). The 4th district of Tabriz City serves as a case study with administrative buildings concentrated in the central and southern areas, while newer office spaces are situated in the northern region. Notably, architectural considerations for passive defense in the design of administrative buildings have not received significant attention. Materials & Methods This study fell within the realm of applied research and utilized a descriptive-analytical research method to identify and design administrative sites in the 4th district of Tabriz City. Documentary methods and questionnaires were employed to gather information. The research population consisted of 30 individuals with 28 ones selected as a statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. To analyze the positioning of the IHWP model in GIS software and assess the impact of architectural design indicators on office spaces within the sample, the AHP method was employed using the Expert Choice software. Research Findings The analysis section was divided into two parts: First part: Locating office uses in the studied sample In this section, the location indicators were assessed by using the IHWP method. The final location map is presented in Figure 1. Table 1: Variables and classified indicators for locating administrative sites in Zone 4 of Tabriz municipality Weighting assumption Reverse rank Rank Indicator Lower importance = favorable location 16 1 degree of user importance Low population density = favorable location 15 2 population density Closer access = favorable location 14 3 Access to crisis management centers and temporary accommodation Fewer number of floors = favorable location 13 4 Number of floors Better compatibility = optimal location 12 5 Compatibility and incompatibility of users Closer access = favorable location 11 6 Access to open and green spaces Closer access = favorable location 10 7 Access to the communication network Closer access = favorable location 9 8 Access to medical centers Closer access = favorable location 8 9 Access to the fire department Closer access = favorable location 7 10 Access to the subway Closer access = favorable location 6 11 Access to multi-purpose centers (mosques, sports facilities, and educational centers) More resistant materials = favorable location 5 12 Type of building materials More distance = better location 4 13 Distance from gas station Better quality = better location 3 14 Building quality Less age = favorable location 2 15 Age of building More distance = better location 1 16 Distance from faults Based on the indicators in Table 1, the data were classified into 5 distinct desirability classes (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), resulting in the production of the final map. Within the entire 4th district of Tabriz municipality, 3% exhibited very low desirability, 15.9% demonstrated low desirability, 43.40% displayed moderate desirability, 28.74% showed high desirability, and 8.96% possessed very high desirability. As depicted in Figure 4, it is evident that the desirability of the region decreases from north to south. Fig. 1: Location of administrative uses in the 4th district of Tabriz municipality by using the IHWP method Second part: Evaluating the influential indicators in the design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense by using the AHP method This research examined 47 architectural indicators for the design of office buildings in terms of their effectiveness with a passive defense approach as shown in Figure 2. 7 indicators, including entrance and exit dimensions (large or small entrance), materials of entrance and exit doors (metal, aluminum, etc.), presence of a safe underground space in the building, placement of sensitive parts of the building in the underground space, multi-purpose approach, and the use of the danger notification system, were found to have a very high degree of importance. Other indicators were also deemed of high and medium importance in the architectural design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense. Based on these results, it could be concluded that incorporating a safe underground space for emergency shelter or placing sensitive parts of the office building in such spaces was imperative to enhance resilience against potential threats. Fig. 2: Weights of the influential indicators in the design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense using the AHP method Discussion of Results & Conclusion In the final section, the requirements for reducing vulnerability through the placement and architectural design of office buildings aimed at facilitating crisis management, minimizing vulnerability, and ensuring continuity of essential activities were presented in Table 2. Table 2: Requirements for Placement and Architectural Design of Office Buildings from the Perspective of Passive Defense Facilitating crisis management The use of glass facades and large windows in areas without proper safety measures can significantly increase casualties and damages due to glass fragmentation. If these elements are used, it is essential to minimize the size of glass parts within the frame and utilize unbreakable, bulletproof, and anti-theft glass in high-risk areas. The essential and sensitive areas of the office building ought to be situated in the central part and on the lower floors, while less critical spaces should be positioned along the outer walls of the building. Protective panels should be installed in front of the building walls to absorb explosion energy. Balconies and terraces on the building facade should be permanent and stable to minimize potential damage in the event of an explosion. The windows should be affixed to the structure by using steel frames, as well as appropriate mortar or other robust elements and materials. Steel doors with steel frames should be employed. By reinforcing the panels of the walls, the columns should be supported to prevent sudden overturning of the building as these walls can bear the load of damaged columns. Large-area facilities, such as multi-purpose indoor sports fields, should preferably be located near the governorate building. The building's entrance should be designed with indirect access in mind whenever possible. The ground level entrance is preferable for crisis management although an entrance lower than the ground level is more advantageous from a passive defense perspective. Reducing vulnerability Front entrances are more suitable as they minimize debris falling and the impact of explosion on the building compared to other entrances. Avoid incorporating decorations and additional elements in building facades that could pose a danger due to blast wave vibrations. Minimize potential issues at floor and roof edges as these areas can experience stress concentration and suction during an explosion. If these elements are unavoidable, they should be designed to withstand the effects of an explosion. To reduce the possibility of blast wave entry, minimize the number of entrances to the building. The presence of a pilot under buildings not only creates a safe space and prevents debris from falling on pedestrians, but also provides shelter from the sun in summer and precipitation in other seasons. Additionally, it allows the blast wave to pass under the buildings, reducing potential damage. Ensure proper distribution of vital, sensitive, and important buildings and uses. The presence of filled and empty spaces can mitigate the effects of an explosion, thus reducing the intensity of blast waves and minimizing building damage. It is advisable to incorporate a diagonal or stepped form in office buildings to mitigate the risk of debris falling into open spaces. Curved corners should be employed in the ground and first floors of the Governor's building to effectively address the impact of explosions and earthquakes. The ground floor level of buildings should be elevated to approximately 120 cm above the ground level to prevent easy access for vehicles. Minimize the use of glass surfaces in office buildings. Whenever feasible, utilize green roofs and facades in office buildings. Utilize materials with a suitable safety factor to enhance safety and reduce the generation of secondary splinters in the main facades. Continuation of necessary activities Ensure architectural form aligns completely with the structural form. From a passive defense perspective, minimize the creation of protrusions and indentations in the facade and plan of the building. The ground floor is crucial in mitigating the effects of explosions; therefore, the materials used in this part should be more durable and stronger than the rest of the building. When it is not feasible to create a sufficient safety distance (stand-off) around the building, anticipate elements and systems for strengthening the building to address potential attacks. Select building materials in a type and color that maximize compatibility with the surrounding environment. To maintain the coherence of administrative buildings and ensure the continuity of necessary activities, the minimum distance to the highway in the main structure of the city should be 400 m and the maximum distance to the main crossing streets should be 200 m. The chosen building materials should be of a type and color that maximize their compatibility with the surrounding environment. For office buildings, in addition to sourcing energy from the national network, emergency and reserve energy sources should be provided. Natural and artificial ventilation systems should be incorporated into the building.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28100_7bf63a86ab213995d202ab45034aafe8.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 1 2024 03 20 Investigation of the Cultural-Social and Historical Contexts of Baba Qasim and Presenting a Set of Social Intervention Measures (Case Study: Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan Neighborhoods of Isfahan) Investigation of the Cultural-Social and Historical Contexts of Baba Qasim and Presenting a Set of Social Intervention Measures (Case Study: Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan Neighborhoods of Isfahan) 87 116 27870 10.22108/sppl.2023.137824.1728 FA Hamid Dehghani Assistant professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2023 05 28 Abstract When implementing urban plans, it is crucial to consider socio-cultural dimensions alongside physical aspects. While restoration and enhancement of historical contexts often prioritize physical intervention, social and cultural aspects are sometimes overlooked. Research indicates that prior to any physical intervention, it is essential to address and evaluate social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the cultural-social and historical contexts of Baba Qasim and propose a series of social intervention measures in the neighborhoods of Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan. The research methodology employed in this study was descriptive-analytical, utilizing both library and field methods for data collection. Furthermore, in line with the research approach, endeavors were made to conduct people-centered and participatory planning through the use of questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population comprised the residents of the neighborhoods of Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan in Isfahan Region 3. To determine the statistical sample, Cochran's formula was utilized, resulting in the selection and study of 320 residents of Babaghasem Neighborhood. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 100 residents and key figures from Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbalistan neighborhoods. Data analysis in this research was conducted in two distinct stages. Initially, the SPSS version 24 software was employed to analyze the collected information. Subsequently, the content analysis method was utilized to extract, interpret, and systematically report the concepts and themes present in the data. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the residents' sense of belonging to their living environment, social trust, social cohesion among residents, level of participation, and residents' willingness to engage in renovation efforts. Consequently, as these indicators increased, there was a greater inclination towards renovation and a reduction in deterioration. Therefore, it was concluded that by bolstering social capital in the neighborhood of Baba Qasim, further degradation of this valuable neighborhood of the city could be averted. Keywords: Cultural-Social Context, Historical Context, Renovation, Improvement, Baba Qasim. Introduction The historic cores of the country's cities, which embody the history, identity, and authenticity of the city, encompass the old neighborhoods that have, in recent times, experienced significant transformations. If the current trajectory persists, these neighborhoods risk losing their original character and charm. Despite their historical significance, these areas possess all the essential elements for vibrant community life, including social connections, physical identity, and economic self-sufficiency. However, tapping into these potentials for redevelopment requires a comprehensive perspective. Consequently, cities must undergo transformation for various compelling reasons. For many years, intervention, rejuvenation, and revitalization of ancient and historical urban contexts have been fundamental concerns within the planning systems of countries with rich urban histories. The urban regeneration approach has emerged as one of the most recent and widely accepted methods for addressing deteriorating urban structures. Materials & Methods This study aligned with the socio-cultural exploration of the historical context of Baba Qasim by identifying pertinent indicators and examining them. As such, the research was of an applied and descriptive-analytical nature in terms of its approach and methodology. To conduct the research, initial information regarding the subject and the region was gathered from books, documents, and statistics. Subsequently, the necessary data were obtained through field studies, encompassing interviews, questionnaires, and individual household characteristics. Data analysis in this study was carried out in two distinct stages. Initially, the SPSS version 24 software was utilized to analyze the collected information. Following this, the identified factors were assessed using content analysis. Research Findings This section commenced with the presentation of the research results and descriptive findings, outlining the respondents' profiles and citizens' opinions on the closed questions of the questionnaire followed by a summary of the open questions and interviews. The statistical analysis revealed a significant and robust relationship between the residents' sense of belonging, social trust, social cohesion, and participation with their inclination towards renovation. Furthermore, it was established that a higher level of belonging, social trust, social connection, and participation among neighborhood residents correlated with a heightened desire for renovation and a reduction in wear and tear within the study area. The collected interviews indicated that the residents of Baba Qasim Neighborhood aspired to enhance the neighborhood across the four physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The approach to revitalizing deteriorating urban areas requires a substantial reevaluation. Historically, prevailing approaches have been predominantly focused on physical aspects, whereas global trends advocate for comprehensive strategies with greater emphasis on non-physical elements. An approach rooted in understanding the historically established harmony between the city and its inhabitants, striving to achieve its objectives with minimal direct physical intervention and limited alterations, is imperative. Consequently, revitalizing these areas cannot be accomplished solely through physical interventions, social programs, or residents’ financial and non-financial assets. The envisioned solutions to address this issue can be categorized into three primary strategies: firstly, eliminating physical signs of deterioration in the hope of slowing down the process; secondly, addressing the economic and social origins of deterioration through targeted interventions; and thirdly, preventing the deterioration of at-risk areas. It is worth noting that historical interventions in deteriorating areas have predominantly focused on physical aspects, yielding limited success in revitalizing these areas through structural changes. Furthermore, insufficient resources have been allocated to this issue and urban organizations have primarily relied on self-governing methods to initiate renovation efforts. Abstract When implementing urban plans, it is crucial to consider socio-cultural dimensions alongside physical aspects. While restoration and enhancement of historical contexts often prioritize physical intervention, social and cultural aspects are sometimes overlooked. Research indicates that prior to any physical intervention, it is essential to address and evaluate social and cultural dimensions. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the cultural-social and historical contexts of Baba Qasim and propose a series of social intervention measures in the neighborhoods of Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan. The research methodology employed in this study was descriptive-analytical, utilizing both library and field methods for data collection. Furthermore, in line with the research approach, endeavors were made to conduct people-centered and participatory planning through the use of questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population comprised the residents of the neighborhoods of Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbulistan in Isfahan Region 3. To determine the statistical sample, Cochran's formula was utilized, resulting in the selection and study of 320 residents of Babaghasem Neighborhood. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 100 residents and key figures from Shahshan, Dardasht, and Sanbalistan neighborhoods. Data analysis in this research was conducted in two distinct stages. Initially, the SPSS version 24 software was employed to analyze the collected information. Subsequently, the content analysis method was utilized to extract, interpret, and systematically report the concepts and themes present in the data. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the residents' sense of belonging to their living environment, social trust, social cohesion among residents, level of participation, and residents' willingness to engage in renovation efforts. Consequently, as these indicators increased, there was a greater inclination towards renovation and a reduction in deterioration. Therefore, it was concluded that by bolstering social capital in the neighborhood of Baba Qasim, further degradation of this valuable neighborhood of the city could be averted. Keywords: Cultural-Social Context, Historical Context, Renovation, Improvement, Baba Qasim. Introduction The historic cores of the country's cities, which embody the history, identity, and authenticity of the city, encompass the old neighborhoods that have, in recent times, experienced significant transformations. If the current trajectory persists, these neighborhoods risk losing their original character and charm. Despite their historical significance, these areas possess all the essential elements for vibrant community life, including social connections, physical identity, and economic self-sufficiency. However, tapping into these potentials for redevelopment requires a comprehensive perspective. Consequently, cities must undergo transformation for various compelling reasons. For many years, intervention, rejuvenation, and revitalization of ancient and historical urban contexts have been fundamental concerns within the planning systems of countries with rich urban histories. The urban regeneration approach has emerged as one of the most recent and widely accepted methods for addressing deteriorating urban structures. Materials & Methods This study aligned with the socio-cultural exploration of the historical context of Baba Qasim by identifying pertinent indicators and examining them. As such, the research was of an applied and descriptive-analytical nature in terms of its approach and methodology. To conduct the research, initial information regarding the subject and the region was gathered from books, documents, and statistics. Subsequently, the necessary data were obtained through field studies, encompassing interviews, questionnaires, and individual household characteristics. Data analysis in this study was carried out in two distinct stages. Initially, the SPSS version 24 software was utilized to analyze the collected information. Following this, the identified factors were assessed using content analysis. Research Findings This section commenced with the presentation of the research results and descriptive findings, outlining the respondents' profiles and citizens' opinions on the closed questions of the questionnaire followed by a summary of the open questions and interviews. The statistical analysis revealed a significant and robust relationship between the residents' sense of belonging, social trust, social cohesion, and participation with their inclination towards renovation. Furthermore, it was established that a higher level of belonging, social trust, social connection, and participation among neighborhood residents correlated with a heightened desire for renovation and a reduction in wear and tear within the study area. The collected interviews indicated that the residents of Baba Qasim Neighborhood aspired to enhance the neighborhood across the four physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The approach to revitalizing deteriorating urban areas requires a substantial reevaluation. Historically, prevailing approaches have been predominantly focused on physical aspects, whereas global trends advocate for comprehensive strategies with greater emphasis on non-physical elements. An approach rooted in understanding the historically established harmony between the city and its inhabitants, striving to achieve its objectives with minimal direct physical intervention and limited alterations, is imperative. Consequently, revitalizing these areas cannot be accomplished solely through physical interventions, social programs, or residents’ financial and non-financial assets. The envisioned solutions to address this issue can be categorized into three primary strategies: firstly, eliminating physical signs of deterioration in the hope of slowing down the process; secondly, addressing the economic and social origins of deterioration through targeted interventions; and thirdly, preventing the deterioration of at-risk areas. It is worth noting that historical interventions in deteriorating areas have predominantly focused on physical aspects, yielding limited success in revitalizing these areas through structural changes. Furthermore, insufficient resources have been allocated to this issue and urban organizations have primarily relied on self-governing methods to initiate renovation efforts.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_27870_5330b199b03e9bb2d77d44420b841cd2.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 14 1 2024 03 20 Identifying and Analyzing Effective Factors in the Development of Literary Tourism in Iran Identifying and Analyzing Effective Factors in the Development of Literary Tourism in Iran 117 136 28333 10.22108/sppl.2024.140903.1775 FA Farhad Javan Assistant professor, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Behzad Pourgharib Assistant professor in English Language and Literature, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Journal Article 2024 03 10 Abstract Background: Literary tourism plays a crucial role in generating wealth and creating jobs worldwide, particularly in Iran and other developing countries. It serves as a fundamental pillar of tourism, offering societies a new path for knowledge, progress, and long-term sustainability. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the key factors driving the advancement of literary tourism in Iran. Research method: To achieve this objective, the study adopted an applied approach with an interpretive and analytical focus. Methodologically, it fell within the realm of qualitative and quantitative research. The analysis utilized grand theory, Delphi, and the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM) model. The research population consisted of experts and elites in the broader field of tourism with a specific emphasis on literary tourism. Targeted sampling methods were employed to select a sample size of 30 individuals for data collection. Findings: The study identified several categories for enhancing the development of literary tourism in Iran. These categories included improving managerial and institutional practices, increasing investment in literary tourism and related initiatives, enhancing competitiveness through effective advertising, considering legal aspects, and constructing a localized model. Such factors as discourse narratives, educational initiatives, specialized activity development, and literary route creation were determined through a two-stage Delphi method research and confirmed to be significant by expert consensus. The subsequent analysis using the SSIM Matrix revealed that improvements in managerial and institutional measures exerted influence over other factors. Additionally, formulation of a local literary tourism model, encompassing discourse narratives, education, specialized activity development, and literary route creation emerged as a crucial factor in attracting literary tourists, influencing other factors while also being influenced by them in return. Keywords: Development, Literary Tourism, Iran. Introduction Literary tourism in Iran stands out as a highly compatible and advantageous form of tourism within the country's unique context, facing fewer obstacles compared to other types of tourism. Iran's rich literary heritage holds a prominent position in Eastern civilization and attracts global audiences, especially those interested in literary tourism. In addition to contributing to the growth of the tourism sector, it serves as a medium for soft power and cultural diplomacy, facilitating the preservation and expansion of the nation's cultural heritage. Despite the potential for several Iranian cities to become international literary tourism hubs, showcasing their abundant cultural and literary offerings, the sector has yet to establish itself as an active, cohesive, and organized industry. Moreover, the invaluable literary assets of the country have been neglected. Addressing this issue requires careful planning and a comprehensive review and analysis of the factors that contribute to tourism development in Iran's specific context. Neglecting this issue risks compromising Iran's global reputation and forfeiting potential economic benefits. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key factors that influenced the development of literary tourism in Iran, seeking answers to the following questions: What are the effective factors driving the development of literary tourism in Iran? Among these factors, which ones have the greatest and least impact on the advancement of the sector? Materials & Methods This study employed a research methodology that combined applied, interpretive, and analytical approaches, integrating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The information analysis utilized Grand Theory, the Delphi method, and the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM). Data collection was conducted through the two main avenues of documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. Initially, unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted based on exploratory studies and data analysis employed an open coding system that incorporated central and selective approaches. The categories derived from constructing the underlying theory were then used as the framework for identifying the effective factors in the development of literary tourism in Iran. Once the factors were identified, each one was translated into a questionnaire and distributed among the sample population. The agreement with the extracted factors was assessed through two stages. Finally, using the SSIM, the relative importance of each factor in the development of literary tourism in Iran was discussed. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and elites in the broader field of tourism with a specific focus on literary tourism. The sample selection employed targeted sampling methods, resulting in a final sample size of 30 individuals. Research Findings The research findings highlighted several factors that played significant roles in the development of literary tourism in Iran. These factors included improving managerial and institutional practices, increasing investment in literary tourism and related sectors, enhancing competitiveness of literary tourism through effective advertising and attention to legal aspects, and establishing a localized model of literary tourism that encompassed discourse narratives, educational initiatives, specialized activity development, and creation of literary routes. These factors were identified through a two-phase Delphi method with expert consensus confirming their importance. Furthermore, the analysis using the SSIM revealed that improvements in managerial and institutional practices had an influential impact on other factors. Additionally, formulation of a localized model of literary tourism, which encompassed discourse narratives, education, specialized activities, and creation of literary routes, emerged as the most crucial factor in attracting literary tourists. This model not only influenced other factors, but was also influenced by them in return. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that literary tourism had emerged as a significant sector within Iran's tourism industry, focusing on renowned sites, symbols, literature, and literary destinations. It had the potential to foster competition, generate economic benefits, create employment opportunities, and preserve cultural identity. Therefore, a proactive approach to identifying and analyzing the current state of literary tourism can pave the way for its further development, positioning Iran as a leading destination in this field. Integrating literary tourism into Iran's tourism strategy holds promise for attracting visitors and promoting sustainable development in the country. Abstract Background: Literary tourism plays a crucial role in generating wealth and creating jobs worldwide, particularly in Iran and other developing countries. It serves as a fundamental pillar of tourism, offering societies a new path for knowledge, progress, and long-term sustainability. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the key factors driving the advancement of literary tourism in Iran. Research method: To achieve this objective, the study adopted an applied approach with an interpretive and analytical focus. Methodologically, it fell within the realm of qualitative and quantitative research. The analysis utilized grand theory, Delphi, and the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM) model. The research population consisted of experts and elites in the broader field of tourism with a specific emphasis on literary tourism. Targeted sampling methods were employed to select a sample size of 30 individuals for data collection. Findings: The study identified several categories for enhancing the development of literary tourism in Iran. These categories included improving managerial and institutional practices, increasing investment in literary tourism and related initiatives, enhancing competitiveness through effective advertising, considering legal aspects, and constructing a localized model. Such factors as discourse narratives, educational initiatives, specialized activity development, and literary route creation were determined through a two-stage Delphi method research and confirmed to be significant by expert consensus. The subsequent analysis using the SSIM Matrix revealed that improvements in managerial and institutional measures exerted influence over other factors. Additionally, formulation of a local literary tourism model, encompassing discourse narratives, education, specialized activity development, and literary route creation emerged as a crucial factor in attracting literary tourists, influencing other factors while also being influenced by them in return. Keywords: Development, Literary Tourism, Iran. Introduction Literary tourism in Iran stands out as a highly compatible and advantageous form of tourism within the country's unique context, facing fewer obstacles compared to other types of tourism. Iran's rich literary heritage holds a prominent position in Eastern civilization and attracts global audiences, especially those interested in literary tourism. In addition to contributing to the growth of the tourism sector, it serves as a medium for soft power and cultural diplomacy, facilitating the preservation and expansion of the nation's cultural heritage. Despite the potential for several Iranian cities to become international literary tourism hubs, showcasing their abundant cultural and literary offerings, the sector has yet to establish itself as an active, cohesive, and organized industry. Moreover, the invaluable literary assets of the country have been neglected. Addressing this issue requires careful planning and a comprehensive review and analysis of the factors that contribute to tourism development in Iran's specific context. Neglecting this issue risks compromising Iran's global reputation and forfeiting potential economic benefits. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key factors that influenced the development of literary tourism in Iran, seeking answers to the following questions: What are the effective factors driving the development of literary tourism in Iran? Among these factors, which ones have the greatest and least impact on the advancement of the sector? Materials & Methods This study employed a research methodology that combined applied, interpretive, and analytical approaches, integrating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The information analysis utilized Grand Theory, the Delphi method, and the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM). Data collection was conducted through the two main avenues of documentary and library studies, as well as interviews and questionnaires. Initially, unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted based on exploratory studies and data analysis employed an open coding system that incorporated central and selective approaches. The categories derived from constructing the underlying theory were then used as the framework for identifying the effective factors in the development of literary tourism in Iran. Once the factors were identified, each one was translated into a questionnaire and distributed among the sample population. The agreement with the extracted factors was assessed through two stages. Finally, using the SSIM, the relative importance of each factor in the development of literary tourism in Iran was discussed. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and elites in the broader field of tourism with a specific focus on literary tourism. The sample selection employed targeted sampling methods, resulting in a final sample size of 30 individuals. Research Findings The research findings highlighted several factors that played significant roles in the development of literary tourism in Iran. These factors included improving managerial and institutional practices, increasing investment in literary tourism and related sectors, enhancing competitiveness of literary tourism through effective advertising and attention to legal aspects, and establishing a localized model of literary tourism that encompassed discourse narratives, educational initiatives, specialized activity development, and creation of literary routes. These factors were identified through a two-phase Delphi method with expert consensus confirming their importance. Furthermore, the analysis using the SSIM revealed that improvements in managerial and institutional practices had an influential impact on other factors. Additionally, formulation of a localized model of literary tourism, which encompassed discourse narratives, education, specialized activities, and creation of literary routes, emerged as the most crucial factor in attracting literary tourists. This model not only influenced other factors, but was also influenced by them in return. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that literary tourism had emerged as a significant sector within Iran's tourism industry, focusing on renowned sites, symbols, literature, and literary destinations. It had the potential to foster competition, generate economic benefits, create employment opportunities, and preserve cultural identity. Therefore, a proactive approach to identifying and analyzing the current state of literary tourism can pave the way for its further development, positioning Iran as a leading destination in this field. Integrating literary tourism into Iran's tourism strategy holds promise for attracting visitors and promoting sustainable development in the country.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_28333_f8d34b6e240a82dec10b8c5e75e0ad62.pdf