دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 13 1 2023 05 22 Evaluating Geomorphosites and Geoconservation of the Proposed Geopark of West Khorasan Razavi Using Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s Native Model and Comparing with the Global Models of Comanescu, Fassoulas, and Brilha ارزیابی ژئومورفوسایت‌ها و ژئوکانزرویشنِ ژئوپارک پیشنهادی غرب خراسان رضوی با استفاده از مدل بومی شایان یگانه و همکاران و مقایسۀ این مدل با مدل‌های جهانی کومانسکو، فاسولاس، بریلها 1 20 27529 10.22108/sppl.2023.136500.1694 FA علی اکبر شایان یگانه استادیار گروه آموزش ابتدایی، واحد علامه طباطبایی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، سبزوار، ایران محمد علی زنگنه اسدی دانشیار گروه ژئومورفولوژی و آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران ابوالقاسم امیر احمدی استاد گروه ژئومورفولوژی و آب و هواشناسی ، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران Journal Article 2023 01 30 Abstract To find the geotourism potential of a region or to measure the tourist potential of geoparks, researchers in Iran and the world have always sought to evaluate the geosites and geomorphosites of regions. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s native model. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each of the international models with the Iranian model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi, which can include parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. This research has dealt with the subject with an analytical-comparative method. The data were collected using documentary and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel graphic and statistical software. The results of the research show that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models, and in contrast, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. From the comparison of the models, it can be concluded that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The Brillha model can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions, and it seems that it is necessary to give a few changes and modifications for coastal and glacial areas. Regarding the innovation of the study, it investigates the latest Iranian model for evaluating geomorphosites and geosites and examines its strengths and weaknesses. Keywords: Evaluation, Geomorphosite, Geotourism, Geopark, Geoconservation, Khorasan Razavi. Introduction Geomorphosites and geosites are parts of geodiversity and geoheritage. The protection of the geological heritage is an important goal for planners and managers (Brilha, 2015). Geomorphosites are the main components of the development of geotourism, which have certain values such as scientific, cultural, historical, aesthetic, and social economics. The maintenance and discovery of geodiversity and their evaluation can be geoconservation objectives and are considered the basis of particular geotourism activities (Andrasanu, 2009). One of the most effective ways of protecting and conserving geodiversity is to protect and preserve its valuable landmarks such as geoheritage (geological and geomorphic heritage). This study aims to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s (2017) native model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi. It includes parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. The longitude of the area is between 56 to 57 degrees (east) and the latitude is between 35 to 36 degrees (north). Materials and Methods This study uses an analytical-comparative approach for the evaluation of geosites and geomorphosites. The data were collected using library and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel software. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh et al. (2017) designed for Iran's geoparks is computed with eight scientific, educational, service, protection and conservation, cultural, aesthetic, ecological, and indigenous values. In Brilha’s model, geosites and geomorphosites are scored based on the four main criteria of science, educational potential, touristic potential, and degradation risk (protective value). Comanescu’s model (2011) is based on five values (scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic, and management). Fassoulas et al. (2012) presented a method of four educational, tourist, ecological, and conservation criteria (a score of 1 to 10) for a quantitative study of geosites to protect the geoheritage. Research Findings The results of this study show that Kalshoor River, watercolor, Sheikholeslami Qanat, Ophiolite Melange, Kamiz Dam, talus, fans, watershed management, catching in the watershed, and Mushroom Stone are respectively 10 geomorphosites that have the highest geoconservation scores. Drawing shapes, ripple marks, meander, Dike Nahaldan, Sabzevar Claypan, fault, perpendicular layers, sandy pyramids, manifold, and hamada have the lowest scores in geoconservation, respectively. In total, it can be said that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models; instead, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. The Brilha method is the closest method to Shayan Yeganeh et al. for evaluating geomorphosites considering that the aesthetic and economic aspect of geomorphic cultures is insignificant. The models of Comanescu and Fassoulas are at later stages. Comanescu paid less attention to service values, and Fassoulas weakly examines the ecology of geomorphosites. Discussion of Results and Conclusion According to this study, it can be said that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model has good coverage of geomorphotoristic potential assessment. After assessing the potential of geomorphotourism, it can be calculated for each geopark as well. In this model, water forms like the Kalshoor River, watercolor, and Qanat Shaykholeslami have the highest protection levels, and wind and water shapes like drawing shapes, ripple marks, and Meander, have the weakest scores in the geoconservation of geoheritage. It can be concluded from the comparison of the models that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The latter can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh et al. is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions. 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The European Association for Conservation of the Geological Heritage. - Burek, C. V., & Prosser, C. D. (2008). The history of geoconservation: An introduction. London: Geological Society, 1-5. - Carrión-Mero, P., Ayala-Granda, A., Serrano-Ayala, S., Morante-Carballo, F., Aguilar-Aguilar, M., Gurumendi-Noriega, M., … & Berrezueta, E. (2020). Assessment of geomorphosites for geotourism in the northern part of the “ruta escondida” (Quito, Ecuador). Sustainability, 12(20), 8468. - Cleal, C. J. (2007). Geoconservation – what on earth are we doing? Regional Conference on Geoconservation: Geological heritage in the South-European Europe. Book of abstracts (p. 25). Ljubljana: Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved from http://arsis.net/circular/ProGEO-Abstract.pdf. - Cocean, G., & Cocean, P. (2017). An assessment of gorges for purposes of identifying geomorphosites of geotourism value in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania). Geoheritage, 9(1), 71–81. 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Geotopos, geomorphosites et paysages geomorphologiques. In Reynard, E., and Pralong, J. P. (Eds.), Paysages geomorphologiques, Travaux and Recherches. 27, IGUL, Lausanne, 123-136. - Reynard, E., Fontana, G., Kozlik, L., & Scapozza, C. (2007). A method for assessing the scientific and additional values of geomorphosites. Geographica Helvetica, 62(3), 148-158. DOI:10.5194/gh-62-148-2007. - Saadatyfar, R., Zanganeh Asadi, M. A., & Goli Mokhtari, L. (2021). The importance of tourism land and a proposal for geopark: A priority in the economy of the Northwestern region of Neishabour - Khorasan Razavi. Journal of Sustainable Development & Geographic Environment, 3(4), 58-72. https://doi.org/10.52547/SDGE.3.4.58 (in Persian). - Salari, M. (2019). Evaluation of geomorphosites and analysis of their strengths and weaknesses using GAM and M-GAM models (Case study: Sardasht city). 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Journal of Geography and Planning, 22(63), 117-137 (in Persian). محققان برای پتانسیل‌یابی ژئوتوریسم یک منطقه و یا قابلیت‌سنجی توریستی ژئوپارک‌‌ها در ایران و جهان همواره به‌دنبال ارزیابی ژئوسایت‌ها و ژئومورفوسایت‌های آن منطقه بوده‌اند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی مقایسه‌ای چهار مدل بریلها، کومانسکو، فاسولاس و مدل بومی شدۀ شایان یگانه و همکاران برای ارزیابی ژئومورفوسایت‌ها‌ست تا نقاط ضعف و قوت هرکدام از مدل‌های بین‌المللی با مدل ایرانی بررسی شود. محدودۀ مطالعه‌شده با مساحتی معادل 4257 کیلومتر مربع در غرب خراسان رضوی واقع است که می‌تواند قسمت‌هایی از شهرستان‌های سبزوار، داورزن را دربربگیرد. در پژوهش حاضر از روش تحلیلی-تطبیقی استفاده و داده‌ها به روش‌های اسنادی و میدانی گردآوری و سپس با استفاده از نرم افزارهای گرافیکی و آماری GIS، SPSS و Excel تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد درمجموع، ژئومورفوسایت‌هایی که زیرمجموعۀ آبی هستند در همۀ مدل‌ها بیشترین ارزش را دارند و درمقابل، ژئومورفوسایت‌های فرسایش بادی کمترین ارزش‌ها را دارند. از مقایسۀ مدل‌ها می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که مدل شایان یگانه و همکاران با مدل بریلها بیشترین مطابقت را داشته است و برای ارزیابی مناطق افیولیتی و کویری می‌توان از مدل بریلها نیز استفاده کرد. مدل بومی شایان یگانه برای مناطق کوهستانی و دشتی گرم و خشک طراحی شده است و به نظر می رسد برای مناطق ساحلی و سرد و مرطوب تغییرات اندکی باید داده شود. از نوآوری‌های پژوهش حاضر این است که جدیدترین مدل ایرانی برای ارزیابی ژئومورفوسایت‌ها و ژئوسایت ها بررسی و نقاط قوت و ضعف آن نیز بررسی شد.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_27529_8b35ce054502e7ad0e9be319a84fd9ba.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 13 1 2023 05 22 The Effect of Vegetation Covers on Surface Temperature Changing of Isfahan City (2001-2020) بررسی تأثیر پوشش گیاهی بر تغییرات دمای سطحی زمین شهرستان اصفهان با استفاده از داده‌های سنجش از دور 21 40 27612 10.22108/sppl.2023.136224.1689 FA رضا ذاکری نژاد استادیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی دانشکدۀ جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران سعید موحدی دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی دانشکدۀ جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران زهرا جزی دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد رشتۀ آب‌و‌هواشناسی (سینوپتیک)، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2023 01 10 Abstract The surface of the earth or the top of the earth at the level of cities and urban areas becomes significantly higher than the surrounding environment, which is known as the thermal component. If this phenomenon is higher than a certain limit, it will cause problems for the city residents. But one of the most important factors that can play a very important role in controlling this phenomenon is the presence of vegetation, which is mainly a significant part of this coverage in urban areas. In this study, the effect of vegetation cover on the amount of urban heat island in Isfahan City was investigated. For this purpose, the surface temperature of the city and its relationship with the surface cover were investigated using the land surface temperature (LST) products of the MODIS sensor in places with heat islands by applying the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of Landsat satellite data during the period of 2001-2020. Examining the annual changes in temperature in Isfahan shows that during this period, the temperature is generally increasing, so 2011 with an average annual temperature of 37.21 degrees Celsius is the hottest year and 2012 is the coldest year with an average annual temperature of 33.7 degrees Celsius. The most apparent thermal islands were observed in areas with industrial use, high-traffic places with severe air pollution and population density, and places with weak vegetation, areas with dense and worn-out textures. Keywords: LST, Landsat Satellite, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Introduction In today's growing world, there is unprecedented urbanization and urban development, which have become factors affecting the air temperature around urban areas. This temperature causes the creation of a heat island in these areas compared to the surroundings, and as a result, it can play a fundamental role in air quality and consequently public health. In one study conducted by Taghizadeh and Mazidi (2019), the variability of heat island risk based on changes in land use and land cover was investigated in Isfahan. The results of this research showed that the expansion of the city cannot be the main cause of the increase in the surface temperature and the expansion of the heat island, but the change in the use of other lands has also been effective in increasing or decreasing the temperature. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of vegetation in adjusting the surface temperature of the ground in Isfahan City. Depriving the cities of vegetation will cause the temperature to rise, especially in the summer season in big cities like Isfahan. Isfahan region is also facing the mentioned problems due to the large size of urban areas and rapid growth in recent decades. In this regard, Landsat and MOADIS satellite data are used. Materials and Methods To achieve the purpose of this study, satellite data were used. To investigate the effects of the independent variable (i.e. vegetation covers) at the city level, the MODIS sensor data of the Terra satellite were used in the period from 2001 to 2020. Landsat satellite data, which have a pixel size of 30 meters in the period from 2001 to 2020, were used to investigate the amount of vegetation (NDVI index) in the city of Isfahan. In order to collect the data, first, satellite images were received by referring to the United States Earth and Science website https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov. The NDVI index was used in the period from January 2001 to December 2020 to investigate the patterns of vegetation changes and fluctuations in time and place. For this purpose, raw images were obtained from the NASA website, which included 240 monthly time series images of vegetation covers. Research Findings The results of the analysis showed that the average annual temperature of the surface of the earth in this city is 35.6 degrees Celsius. According to the annual surface temperature map for the city of Isfahan, the minimum temperatures are completely consistent with the peripheral heights of the city, which can be seen in the form of spots in the northern parts (northern elevations of the foothills) and southwest areas (southern elevations of Shahreza). These parts show a temperature between 19 and 25 degrees Celsius. The temperature of 25 to 30 degrees is scattered around the mentioned parts as well as around the city of Isfahan and the Gav Khouni swamp. The largest temperature zone in the annual map includes the temperature of 35 to 40 degrees, which covers most of the city. The maximum temperature that shows the hottest spots is located in the central part of the city. In order to investigate the effects of the presence of vegetation and the amount of vegetation density in reducing the surface temperature in the urban area of Isfahan, Landsat satellite data were used, and the NDVI vegetation index was applied to these data. Then, a map and the amount of vegetation density were obtained. Since the map of vegetation cover and surface temperature was prepared exactly on a specific and simultaneous date, it is easy to visually observe the moderating role of vegetation covers in different parts of Isfahan. With the investigations carried out, it was precisely determined that wherever there is vegetation in Isfahan, the minimum temperature corresponds exactly to these parts. In parts of the city that are devoid of vegetation, which mainly corresponds to urban constructions or barren lands, a significant increase in the temperature of the surface of the earth can be seen. Therefore, the moderating effect of vegetation on the temperature of the city and the simultaneous reduction of the heat island in the studied area cannot be ignored. The major part of the concentration and density of vegetation in this city exactly corresponds to the passage of Zayandeh Rood. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The development of urbanization causes the reduction of barren lands with high temperatures and the formation of a layer of relatively lower temperatures than barren lands in residential areas. Vegetation has a reducing effect on urban built surfaces such as busy streets and changes in land use such as agricultural land to residential use. Being adjacent to barren lands in the city has intensifying effects on high temperatures and hot spots. In fact, the results of this study show that, according to the investigations carried out on the Landsat satellite data in Isfahan, there is a strong correlation between the presence of vegetation and the decrease in the temperature of the city. In this regard, in the parts of the city where the density of vegetation increases, the surface temperature is greatly reduced, and the moderating role of vegetation can be seen well, but the temperature increases completely as you move away from the vegetation. Persian References - Aghili Nasab, Z., Mohammadzadeh, M., Mahini, A. S., & Zarei, H. (2012). Analysis of urban heat island calculation method using remote sensing. The Second Environmental Planning and Management Conference. (n.p). - Aghili Nasab, Z., Mohammadzadeh, M., Mahini, A. S., & Zarei, H. (2013). Analysis of urban heat islands using remote sensing and its relationship with the environmentally friendly development. 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Journal of Environmental Research Letters, 11(5), 054023. دمای سطح زمین یا دمای رویۀ زمین در‌سطح شهرها و مناطق شهری نسبت به محیط اطراف به‌طور چشمگیری بیشتر است که به‌عنوان جزیۀ گرمایی شناخته می‌شود. این پدیده اگر از حد مشخصی بیشتر شود باعث ایجاد مشکلاتی برای ساکنان شهر می‌شود. در پژوهش حاضر اثر وجود پوشش گیاهی بر‌روی میزان جزیرۀ حرارتیِ شهری شهرستان اصفهان بررسی شد. بدین منظور، روند تغییرات دمایی سطح زمین منطقۀ مطالعه‌شده و ارتباط آن با پوشش سطحی با استفاده از محصولات دمای سطح زمین (LST) سنجیدۀ مودیس، مکان‌هایی با جزیرۀ حرارتی بررسی شد. همچنین، برای تهیۀ نقشۀ تراکم پوشش گیاهی در بازۀ زمانی 2020- 2001 میلادی از شاخص تفاضل پوشش گیاهی نرمال (NDVI) داده‌های ماهورۀ لندست استفاد شد. بررسی تغییرات زمانی سالانۀ دمای رویۀ شهرستان اصفهان نشان می‌دهد که دما در طی این دوره افزایشی است؛ به‌طوری که سال 2011 با میانگین دمای سالانه21/37 درجۀ سلسیوس به‌عنوان گرم‌ترین و سال 2012 با میانگین دمای سالانه 7/33 درجۀ سلسیوس به‌عنوان سردترین سال در دورۀ زمانی مطالعه ‌شده است. نتایج مربوط به بررسی پوشش گیاهی نیز نشان داد که اراضی بایر بیشترین دما و اراضی با پوشش گیاهی، کمترین دما را دارند. جزایر حرارتی نشان داد که مناطق با کاربری صنعتی و مکان‌هایی با تراکم بالای جمعیت (پرترافیک)، هوایی آلوده و بافتی فشرده و فرسوده دارند. توسعۀ کاربری شهری در‌طول دورۀ مطالعه، بسیار محسوس بوده است که به همین نسبت نیز کاهش پوشش گیاهی را به همراه دارد و نشان‌دهندۀ افزایش دمای شهری است.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_27612_5e4f0835aa61119fb3a890ed4669acff.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 13 1 2023 05 22 Physical-Social Analysis of the Historical Fabric of Shooshtar City آسیب‌شناسی کالبدی-اجتماعی بافت تاریخی شهر شوشتر 41 64 27540 10.22108/sppl.2023.137359.1721 FA حبیب اله فصیحی دانشیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکدۀ علوم‌جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران طاهر پریزادی دانشیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکدۀ علوم‌جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران آذر داودی دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکدۀ علوم‌جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2023 04 16 Abstract Attention to the historical context of cities, which is a strong thread connecting any society with the past and reviving the identity of the cities, has been continuously increased and the protection of this valuable heritage has been the focus of the leaders of the communities. The purpose of this study is to identify the components’ capabilities that damage the historical fabric of Shooshtar and determine the degree of severity of each factor. The method of analysis is exploratory and descriptive-analytical. The required data were gathered through documentary sources and a survey. The sample was 11 experts who were selected among the experienced managers of the municipality of Shooshtar and the Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism. The analysis was done using the Pastakia model, in which changes have been made according to this research. The findings showed the performance of 33 traumatic components in the historical context of Shooshtar, which, in total, revealed the capability and potential of high-level damage. Out of the three investigated dimensions, the components of the physical-environmental dimension have a greater role in damaging the city. Most of the components of this dimension showed the severity of the damage at the ‘very high’ level, while in each of the two social-cultural and institutional dimensions, in addition to a much smaller number of vulnerability components, half of the components showed the severity of damage at a ‘medium’ level and below. Preservation of the historical context, while requiring sufficient funds and benefiting from modern knowledge, techniques, and tools, also requires raising the awareness of citizens and reforming the management system and laws. Keywords: Historical Context, Cultural Heritage, Environmental Threat, Analysis, Shooshtar. Introduction Some cities in the world have some unique local characteristics that are a gift of their cultural heritage. This special feature includes a combination of tangible and intangible components such as arts, rituals, and especially the artificial environment. These historical urban centers are considered meaningful places for the host communities because they form a sense of belonging due to their sense of pride. Such urban centers point out the necessity of protecting the heritage of the past, a heritage that acts as a bridge between the past and the present of nations and plays a role as the pillars on which the future is based. Although all over the world, governments and institutions have realized the value of heritage, in many cases, they do not behave and act in favor of this direction. Some cities, especially those with poor management and insufficient intervention strategies, are inevitably involved in unplanned transformations, and their precious heritage is exposed to severe pressures and numerous threatening factors for various reasons. In Shooshtar, as one of the historical cities of Iran, 170.6 hectares of the total area of 2436 hectares of the city area is covered by the historical fabric. The city has 13 world heritage sites registered in the UNESCO list. More than 260 historical monuments have been recorded in the Shooshtar’s historical fabric including water structures, historical houses, mosques, and tombs. Despite the formulation and implementation of plans such as the Strategic Plan of the Historical Context and action plans and numerous operational projects, many visible and hidden damages have exposed the historical context of this city to threats and risks. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to analyze and evaluate the factors that have the potential to cause damage to the historical fabric of Shooshtar and lose its heritage values. Materials and Methods The data were gathered through library and documentary sources as well as from a survey carried out with a sample of experts. The data were also collected from the urban development plans of Shooshtar, the shape file of the statistical blocks of the 2015 Iranian census. The sample consists of 11 people, including 7 managers and experts of Shooshtar Municipality with education in civil engineering (4 people), urban planning, architecture, and sociology and 4 managers and experts of Shooshtar Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Department with education in the field of restoration of historical works, history, sociology, and geography. The survey of experts has been done in two stages. The first stage was to identify the factors of damage. In this regard, the Delphi model is implemented to identify all the factors of damage to urban fabric (34 indicators). In the second stage, the experts evaluated the indicators in Pastakia's model. Finally, the closest number to the mean value of the expert’s evaluation was set as the score of each parameter. Pastakia's model was originally developed in 1998 for environmental impact assessment and is used here with modifications for the intended purpose. Research Findings Generally, the vulnerability components in the physical dimension indicate the high vulnerability of the historical fabric. In this dimension, 6 components are in the medium range, 5 are in the very high vulnerability range, and the rest, i.e. 7 components, indicate a high vulnerability condition. Meanwhile, the components of ‘high level of underground water’, ‘deterioration caused by aging of the buildings’, and ‘building materials and structures’ have the highest absolute score. In other words, these three can cause more damage to the fabric. ‘The status of the network of roads and streets’ is another component with a very high level of vulnerability. The last component at a very high level is ‘the quality of the water and sewage transmission network’. According to experts, the breakdown and deterioration of Shooshtar's urban water and sewage system is a serious risk for the destruction of historical houses. In the social-cultural dimension, totally, the components that can take the historical fabric at risk, indicate a high level of vulnerability, but the gap between the scores of this dimension and the scores of the physical-environmental dimension is high. The scores indicate medium and lower levels of vulnerability. The components of ‘weak sense of place and lack of sense of responsibility of citizens’ and ‘ignorance of users of the context regarding the value of cultural heritage’ show a very high level of vulnerability as well. In the institutional dimension, 4 components have been evaluated as having a very high damage capability. ‘Carrying out construction and renovation activities without paying attention to the damage to historical buildings, such as shaking and vibration caused by digging hives near historical buildings’ and ‘the insufficient equipment and facilities to contain incidents such as fire, flood’ were at the top of the components. After these two, the ‘absence of an institution or organization that is directly responsible for the preservation and maintenance of the historical context or their negligence’ and ‘the influence or lack of attention of the executives in implementing the established laws and regulations’ play a greater role. Half of the components revealed medium and lower risk capability. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Considering the results of the study, most of the vulnerability components (18 cases) play a role in the form of physical-environmental factors. On the other hand, the average score of vulnerability intensity in this dimension also shows a higher gap with the average score of the components of the other two dimensions. Therefore, in the preservation and protection of the historical fabric, the components of physical and environmental aspects should be taken much attention. 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Environmental Hazards, 17(4), 292-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2018.1491383 توجه به بافت تاریخی شهرها (رشتة استوار پیونددهندة جامعه با گذشته و احیاگر هویت شهرهاست) پیوسته بیشتر شده و حراست از آن نیز نیز در کانون توجه زمامداران جوامع قرار گرفته است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر شناسایی مؤلفه‌هایی با قابلیت و استعداد آسیب‌رسانی به بافت تاریخی شهر شوشتر و تعیین مراتب شدت آسیب هر‌کدام از مؤلفه‌‌هاست. روش تحلیل، اکتشافی و توصیفی-تحلیلی است. اطلاعات و داده‌ها از منابع اسنادی و نیز از پیمایش حاصل شده است. نمونۀ آماری 11 فرد خبره بوده که از‌میان مدیران مجرب شهرداری و ادارة میراث فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری برگزیده شده است. ارزیابی بر‌پایۀ مدل پاستاکیا صورت‌گرفته که در آن با‌توجه به موضوع پژوهش حاضر تغییراتی اعمال شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش گویای عملکرد 34 مؤلفة آسیب‌زا در بافت تاریخی شوشتر بوده که در‌مجموع، قابلیت و استعداد آسیب «سطح زیاد» را آشکار کرده است. از سه بُعد بررسی‌شده، مؤلفه‌های بُعد کالبدی-محیطی نقش بیشتری را در آسیب‌رسانی داشتند و نیز شدت زیادتر آسیب‌ها مربوط به این بُعد است. تعداد بیشتر مؤلفه‌های این بُعد نیز شدت آسیب را در‌سطح «بسیار زیاد» نشان دادند؛ در‌حالی که در هر‌کدام از دو بُعد اجتماعی-فرهنگی و نهادی، ضمن داشتن تعداد کم مؤلفۀ آسیبِ شناسایی‌شده، نیمی از مؤلفه‌ها نیز شدت آسیب را در‌سطح «متوسط» و پایین‌تر نمایان کردند. حفظ بافت تاریخی ضمن اینکه نیازمند اعتبارات کافی و بهره‌مندی از دانش، فنون و ابزار روز است، مستلزم ارتقا آگاهی شهروندان و اصلاح نظام مدیریتی و قوانین نیز است.جرح و تعدیل مدل ارزیابی پاستاکیا و منطبق‌سازی آن بر هدف‌های پژوهش حاضر کار بدیعی است که صورت گرفته است.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_27540_04f9b28e369975118768b5eee40583ec.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 13 1 2023 05 22 Evaluation of the Mutual Effects of the Environmental Heritage Values of the Zayandehrud River in Isfahan and the Quality of Life (QOL) of Surrounding Residents ارزیابی اثرات متقابل ارزش‌های میراث محیطی رودخانۀ زاینده‌رود شهر اصفهان و کیفیت زندگی ساکنان پیرامون آن 65 96 27555 10.22108/sppl.2023.137282.1717 FA نرگس سلطانی دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-2883-3341 پروین پرتوی استاد، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، تهران، ایران داریوش مرادی چادگانی استادیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2023 04 09 Abstract Preserving the Natural Environmental Cultural Heritage (NECH) and improving the urban Quality of Life (QOL) are among crucial urban planning issues with critical roles in the sustainability of cities. There are several sources on the QOL in cultural heritage documents, i.e., scientific and operational reports, but the relationship between the QOL and cultural heritage has not been appropriately explicated yet. Zayandehrud River in Isfahan City is a natural environmental cultural heritage. It suffers from ignoring its heritage values and human hazards (drought) while depriving citizens of potential and actual capabilities. So, through urban planning, heritage values help to enhance the urban QOL and affect surrounding areas. The present study described the NECH values of the Zayandehrud River in Isfahan and the components of the QOL of the surrounding residents and emphasized the importance and extent of the relationship between the two basic concepts. This is an applied study based on quantitative and qualitative (Mixed methods) approaches. Data collection is based on documentaries, field studies, surveys, observation tools, and structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done using document analysis, along with quantitative analyses such as Friedman's test and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed that the NECH values of the Zayandehrud River have a significant impact on the dimensions of the QOL of the surrounding residents, and applying principles adapted to the natural environment heritage of the cities is coextensive with upgrading the resident’s quality of life. Keywords: Natural Environmental Cultural Heritage (NECH), Quality of Life (QOL), Zayandehrud River, Isfahan City, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Introduction The issue of natural environmental cultural heritage (NECH) and enhancing the urban quality of life (UQOL) are interesting topics in urban planning. Although lots of sources exist in the format of scientific and operational reports, the relationship between the quality of life and heritage environments has not been clearly stated yet. Urban rivers are a part of the natural environmental-cultural heritage, and are a tool for connecting people, cities, and nature. However, they are neglected in most studies. Depriving citizens of potential as well as fueled natural and human hazards (drought) are results of ignoring heritage values of the Zayandehrud River in Isfahan City. While the values of the river affect its surrounding areas through urban planning, they help to reduce potential risks and maximize using the river in order to enhance the urban quality of life. This study investigates the heritage values of the natural environment of the Zayandehrud River in Isfahan and the components of the quality of life of the surrounding residents. The study emphasizes the importance and extent of the relationship between the values of the natural environment of the Zayandehrud River and the dimensions of the quality of life of the residents (as key stakeholders) around it. Materials and Methods This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method (quantitative and qualitative approaches) conducted in four stages: 1) reviewing and rewriting texts and documents related to the theoretical aspect of the NECH and QOL concepts and classification of the values of NECH and dimensions of the QOL of the residents around Zayandehrud River; 2) identifying the key stakeholders involved in NECH and QOL of the Zayandehrud River; 3) valuation of the objects of heritage values and dimensions of the QOL of the Zayandehrud River from the point of view of the experts of the stakeholder organizations; and 4) analysis of the relationship between dimensions of the QOL from the point of view of the residents (as key stakeholders) around it. Research Findings The results of the study showed that the natural environment heritage values of the Zayandehrud River have a significant impact on the dimensions of the quality of life of the surrounding residents. Its heritage values include three categories: 1) environmental, emotional, and perceptual values, 2) historical, cultural, and social values, and 3) practical values. The quality of life of the residents includes six dimensions which are 1) political and managerial, 2) economic, 3) historical, 4) social, 5) physical, and 6) environmental dimensions. However, each of them includes several components and indicators. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Considering the results of the study, the achievement of a conceptual model is to fill the gap between the quality of life and the natural environment (cultural heritage concepts) and to apply principles adapted to local conditions in such a way that the capacities of the natural environment heritage of the cities are coextensive with upgrading the resident’s quality of life. This issue indicates that improving the quality of life without taking into account the preservation of the heritage values of the natural environment of the Zayandehrud River in the planning agenda of the city of Isfahan cannot achieve the desired result. The quality of life measures that are placed at a lower level than the quality of life dimensions have been revised and adjusted under the influence of the heritage values of the natural environment of the Zayandehrud River. موضوع میراث فرهنگی-محیط‌ طبیعی یکی از موضوعات مهم در برنامه‌ریزی شهری و ارتقا کیفیت زندگی شهری نیز یکی از هدف‌های مهم برنامه‌ریزی شهری است. همچنین، منابع متعدّدی دربارۀ کیفیت زندگی در اسناد میراث فرهنگی در‌قالب گزارش‌های علمی و عملیاتی وجود دارد؛ ولی هنوز ارتباط بین کیفیت زندگی و محیط‌های میراثی به‌صراحت بیان نشده است. یکی از این میراث محیطی-طبیعی (فرهنگی) رودخانه‌های شهری است که محل پیوند مردم، شهر و طبیعت است؛ اما در بیشتر پژوهش‌ها به این میراث توجهی نشده است. با نادیده‌گرفتن ارزش‌های میراثی رودخانۀ زاینده‌رود (Zayandehrud River) در شهر اصفهان ضمن محروم‌کردن شهروندان از قابلیت‌های بالقوه و بالفعل، باعث ایجاد مخاطره‌های طبیعی و انسانی (خشکسالی) شده است؛ این درحالی است که ارزش‌های رودخانه با برنامه‌ریزی شهری به مناطق پیرامونش کمک می‌کند تا شهروندان در راستای ارتقا کیفیت زندگی همراه با کاهش خطر‌های بالقوه، نهایت استفاده را از رودخانه کنند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر توصیف ارزش‌های میراث محیط طبیعی رودخانۀ زاینده‌رود شهر اصفهان، توصیف مؤلفه‌های کیفیت زندگی ساکنان پیرامون آن و تأکید بر اهمیت و میزان ارتباط ارزش‌های میراث محیط طبیعی رودخانۀ زاینده‌رود بر ابعاد کیفیت زندگی ساکنان (به‌عنوان ذی‌نفعان کلیدی) (Key stakeholders) پیرامون آن است. پژوهش حاضر کاربردی و برپایۀ شیوه کمّی و کیفی است. داده‌ها براساس مطالعات اسنادی، میدانی و پیمایش گردآوری‌‌ و از ابزارهای مشاهده و پرسشنامۀ ساختاریافته نیز استفاده شده است. در تحلیل داده‌ها در کنار تحلیل‌های کمّی چون آزمون فریدمن و تحلیل عاملی تأییدی از تحلیل متون بهره‌ گرفته شده است. نتایج نشان داد که ارزش‌های میراث محیط طبیعی رودخانۀ زاینده‌رود بر ابعاد کیفیت زندگی ساکنان پیرامونش تأثیر بسزایی دارد که ارزش‌های میراثی آن شامل سه دستۀ «محیطی، ادراکی، احساسی»، «تاریخی، فرهنگی، اجتماعی» و «کاربردی (کاربستی)» و کیفیت زندگی ساکنان آن نیز شامل شش بُعد سیاسی و مدیریتی، اقتصادی، تاریخی، اجتماعی، کالبدی و زیست‌محیطی است که هر‌یک شامل چند مؤلفه و نشانگر است.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_27555_7cda5856c548779960f0d5b479d943a0.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 13 1 2023 05 22 Estimate Precipitation Changes in the East and West of the Zagros Main Thrust تحلیل تغییرات بارش در شرق و غرب تراست اصلی زاگرس 97 116 27634 10.22108/sppl.2023.137382.1722 FA غلام حسن جعفری دانشیار، ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکدۀ علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران نرگس فولادی کارشناسی‌ارشد، هیدروژئومورفولوژی، دانشکدۀ علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2023 04 17 Abstract In relation to the effect of unevenness and precipitation, two issues have occupied the mind of researchers: First, the effect of altitude on increasing rainfall, and second, the effect of unevenness on the creation of deserts. The combination of these two effects has made it impossible to estimate a regression relationship between Zagros altitude and precipitation with a significant coefficient of explanation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the precipitation situation in the western (rain-facing) and eastern (rain-sheltered) slopes of the Zagros main thrust and to create wind-sheltered (rain-sheltered) areas. To investigate the effect of the Zagros Mountain Range in the creation of sheltered areas, the function and relationship of the factors of altitude and precipitation were investigated as effective parameters in the creation of different slopes of this mountain range. Maps of both precipitation and altitude were extracted for the Zagros Mountain Range. According to the results obtained from examining the relationship between the maps of precipitation and altitude, it can be said that the increase in precipitation in the windward slopes has significant coordination with the increase in altitude, but the increase in precipitation does not continue until the main thrust of Zagros. In most of the regions, the maximum rainfall occurred before the maximum height of Zagros (corresponding to the main Zagros Thrust). When passing through the Zagros thrust despite the significant height of the region, the amount of precipitation has significantly decreased. In the northern parts of Zagros, the biggest change of precipitation has happened in the wind shelter part, in the vicinity of the highest peak. Considering the high altitude in the sub-basins to the east of the Zagros Thrust, as well as their lower slope compared to the basins located in the west, they receive less rainfall due to their sheltered position. But since they have more receiving surface and because of the high altitude, they receive most of the precipitation in solid form. More penetration of water into the ground is possible during the stages of snow melting. In addition, this phenomenon has considerable ecological effects. Keywords: Zagros Main Thrust, Wind Sheltered Desert, Dry Areas, Rain Shadow. Introduction Iran is a vast mountainous land that covers most of the plateau with the same name (Mahmoudi, 1988). The southwestern mountainous unit of Iran is known as Zagros, which limits the Iranian plateau from the west, southwest, and part of the south. Zagros ranges in the form of regular and similar strands form the largest unevenness unit of Iran (Zomordian, 2006, p. 209). In the heterogeneous spatial distribution of atmospheric precipitation and the formation of deserts, geographical conditions and especially the altitude factor play an effective role. How unevenness affects the received precipitation in mountainous areas is not a simple matter. Because in the first place, the gradient of precipitation is not the same in all the mountains of the country, and even in a certain mountain, the gradient of precipitation is not the same on the wind-facing (windward) slopes and the wind-back (shelter) ones. Another issue is that in all mountains, precipitation does not increase with increasing altitude, and in areas where the amount of precipitation increases with increasing altitude, this direct relationship does not continue to the top of the mountains and does not increase more than a certain height with the increase in rainfall. Finally, in addition to the complexity of the relationship between precipitation and altitude, there is a lack of measurement in high altitudes. The effect of unevenness on the precipitation situation is a definite principle; however, it cannot be firmly expected that by passing the high peak, the precipitation will decrease to the extent of desert formation. But investigating changes in the amount of precipitation in mountainous areas is always the concern of researchers. This study aims to investigate the precipitation situation in the western (rain-facing) and eastern (rain-sheltered) slopes of the Zagros main thrust and to create wind-sheltered (rain-sheltered) areas. Materials and Methods The information sources of this research include 1:50000 topographic maps, 1:100000 geological maps, a digital height model of Iran, and library resources. To conduct this study, the height of Zagros was determined according to its reflected border in Google Earth and ArcGIS. Then, climatic, rain gauge, and hydrometer stations were identified within the area and at a distance of 40 km from the studied area, and the required data were extracted from the recorded information of those stations. In order to investigate and analyze the climatic situation of the region, relationships were estimated between precipitation and altitude in each basin, and based on them, the isohyet of the Zagros Mountains was drawn. In order to investigate the effect of the Zagros Mountain Range in the creation of sheltered areas, the function and relationship of the factors of altitude and precipitation were investigated as effective parameters in their creation in different slopes of the Zagros. Maps of both precipitation and altitude of the study area were extracted for the Zagros Mountain Range. According to the axis of numerous descents and ascents of the Zagros Mountains, those areas that receive little rainfall under their influence were determined and the situation of wind-sheltered areas is also analyzed. Research Findings To better understand the variability of precipitation in the studied area, the precipitation and height profiles were drawn perpendicular to the main Zagros thrust line, which connects the highest peak of the Zagros Mountain Range from the north to the south of the Zagros Mountain Range. By drawing precipitation and height profiles, the general state of changes in height and precipitation in the axis of the Zagros Thrust has been depicted. The increase in precipitation in the windward slopes is coordinated with the increase in altitude, and this increase does not necessarily continue to the main thrust of Zagros. After crossing the Zagros Thrust, even without a significant decrease in altitude, the amount of precipitation has decreased to the easternmost part of Zagros. Such a situation indicates that the main thrust of Zagros actually corresponds to the border of the rain shadow areas. The west of it is covered by its rainy core, which is caused by the slope facing the wind. Despite the higher altitude in the east, the rainfall decreases due to the rain shadow. Discussion of Results and Conclusion In general, unevenness has a mechanical effect on the incoming air masses. According to the results obtained from examining the relationship between the maps of precipitation and altitude, it can be said that the increase in precipitation in the windward slopes has a significant relationship with the increase in altitude, but the increase in precipitation does not continue until the main thrust of Zagros. In most of the regions, the maximum rainfall occurred before the maximum height of Zagros (corresponding to the main Zagros Thrust). When passing through the Zagros thrust despite the significant height of the region, the amount of precipitation has a noticeable decrease. In the northern parts of Zagros, the biggest change of precipitation has happened in the wind shelter in the vicinity of the highest peak. Due to the high altitude in the sub-basins to the east of the Zagros Thrust, as well as their lower slope compared to the basins located in the west, they receive less rainfall due to their sheltered position. But because they have more receiving surface and due to their high altitude, they receive most of the precipitation in solid form. اثر ارتفاع بر افزایش بارش و اثر ناهمواری بر ایجاد بیابان ازجمله مسائلی است که ذهن محقق را درگیر کرده است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی وضعیت بارش در دامنه‏های غربی و شرقی تراست اصلی زاگرس است. برای دستیابی به این هدف، عملکرد و ارتباط عوامل ارتفاع و بارش به‌عنوان پارامترهای مؤثر در دامنه‏های مختلف زاگرس بررسی و نقشه‏های هم‏بارش و هم‏ارتفاع از محدودۀ مطالعه‌‌شده استخراج و تحلیل شده است. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش بارش در دامنه‏های روبه‏باد با افزایش ارتفاع هماهنگی مطلوبی دارد؛ ولی افزایش بارش تا تراست اصلی زاگرس تداوم ندارد. در غالب مناطق، فراوانی بارش قبل از بالاترین ارتفاع زاگرس (منطبق با تراست اصلی زاگرس) اتفاق افتاده است؛ به‌طوری که با عبور از تراست زاگرس (باوجود ارتفاع چشمگیر منطقه) مقدار بارش به‌طور محسوسی روند کاهشی دارد. در قسمت‏های شمالی زاگرس بیشترین تغییر بارش در قسمت بادپناه (در مجاورت بلندترین قله‌ها) اتفاق افتاده است. دامنه‌های شرق تراست اصلی زاگرس، هرچند به‌دلیل موقعیت بادپناهی، بارش کمتری را دریافت می‌کنند، به‌علت شیب سطح‌های ارضی کمتر (نسبت به دامنه‌های غرب تراست اصلی زاگرس)، سطح دریافت‌کنندۀ بیشتری دارند. همچنین، به‌دلیل مرتفع‌بودن، مقدار زیادی از بارش را به‌صورت برف دریافت می‌کنند؛ در‌نتیجه با فراهم‌شدن امکان نفوذ بیشتر آب به درون زمین (در طی دورۀ ذوب برف)، اثر‌های اکولوژیکی فراوانی را بر محیط پیرامون می‌گذارند.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_27634_1c362dde21a7fccc6c11cb537fefcba0.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان برنامه ریزی فضایی 2228-7485 13 1 2023 05 22 The Participatory Position of the User in the Design Process of Residential Spaces جایگاه مشارکتی کاربر در فرآیند طراحی فضاهای مسکونی 117 138 27592 10.22108/sppl.2023.136521.1695 FA حامد بیتی دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران ابوالفضل چهاردولی دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد مهندسی معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران جاوید آریان کارشناسی‌ارشد مهندسی معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2023 03 02 Abstract: Statement of the Problem: Different people and strata in human societies need a shelter called housing. The design process of this type of space is done in different ways, and the possibility of using the user's opinions during this process has always been desired by the design community because users are considered influential members in this matter. In recent years, the participatory approach has played an important role as an appropriate response to this process. However, the special contemporary conditions, according to the way of house selection and the view of the designers, have made their involvement in the category of participation very diverse. Purpose: This study seeks to explain and measure the level and quality of user participation in the design process. Therefore, the study investigates, firstly, in what topics and secondly, to what extent the user can enter into this process. Methodology: The present study uses the grounded theory approach to achieve its goals. Results: The results show the extent and manner of the user's participation in the different stages of the design process during a three-stage and back-and-forth activity, where the user's contribution is more important at the ‘level of influence through the declaration of needs’ and the architect's contribution is at the ‘level of participation through applying specialized considerations’. Innovation: The innovation of the research is in obtaining the model and its components using grounded theory and presenting a three-stage model of user participation in the design process. Keywords: Design Process, Housing, Position of the User, Participatory Design, Residential Space Users. Introduction: Housing, as a platform for human life, is related and interactive with other dimensions of his life. However, it is considered an important shelter among people and different strata of any society and it can be said that it is one of the most complex buildings in design. Therefore, housing is not only a product that must be produced but is the result of a process, and its design process is more than a response to a program because it has to present a public face while the private life of its residents flows. The most important issue in this process is the person (or persons) who live in it. Today, the consequences of the separation of users of residential spaces and housing designers in the design process have been revealed in the form of issues such as identity crisis, decreased sense of belonging, failure to satisfy spiritual needs, increased rate of depression, decreased security, and other similar cases. In residential spaces, due to the inability of experts and practitioners to solve such problems, these complexes are subject to destruction and ruin. Pruitt Igoe buildings are an example of these buildings. Architectural designers, while revising the definitions and concepts, believe that they alone cannot determine the quality of spaces, because the final quality is the product of direct interaction between the user and the designer, and not paying attention to this matter is very harmful in the qualitative fate of the residential space. Nevertheless, the debatable issue in this research is the extent of user involvement and participation. First of all, what aspects of the design process will users be allowed to be involved in and comment on? Secondly, what will be the pros and cons of playing this role? Mentioning this process, the present research tries to explain how the user participates in this process. Materials and Methods According to the type of subject, the current research uses a qualitative approach to explain the position of users in the process of residential housing design. In order to advance the path of explaining the subject, this research has used the grounded theory (GT) research method in which the researcher, instead of using the existing theories, develops the theory based on the data. As a result, it provides the possibility of regular recognition of meanings from the point of view of people in a specific situation. The authors first collected the data in the theoretical basics section and then classified them. Furthermore, by explaining the basic definitions and also by referring to library sources, the authors have tried to find the correct criteria for distinguishing different areas of the design process so that they can provide a correct answer to the above questions. However, due to the fact that there are many factors influencing the design process, the subject has been elaborated and explained with the help of experts in the field of design and construction during semi-structured interviews. The sampling method in this research is purposive sampling, and the analysis of the interviews was also considered using the extraction of concepts from the text of the conducted interviews, which helped to understand the studied topic. Research Findings At first, in response to the nature of the user’s involvement in the design process category, the architects not only expressed their satisfaction with their involvement but also considered the intervention of users in matters related to the activities of the users of the spaces in question as absolutely necessary and useful. Regarding the extent of user intervention, which was raised in the interviews, the architects pointed out that the three main factors in the design and construction process are legislation, the architect, and the user, each of which has a specific place in the formation of the design process. At the head of this process, the legislator specifies the limits that must be implemented in advance in the form of the law. The user as a beneficiary expresses his needs, and the architect as an expert in this process matches the demands of both the user and the legislator. Finally, the architects attributed three basic stages to the design process. The first stage includes expressing the quantitative needs of the design, in which the user, by defining the problem and explaining the program, expresses his quantitative needs such as the number and size of the spaces. The second stage, called carrying out the main design process, includes the architect and the user. In this stage, the architect and the user reach a general agreement about the existing challenges. The third step is to express a qualitative opinion about the design, which aims to confirm the final quality of the product by the user because, in the end, the person who will use the designed space is the user. The architectural qualities mentioned by the architects in relation to the spatial organization as well as the structure that does not conflict with the rules and principles set by the legislator mainly include issues such as the cause of creating cracks in the walls, the occupation level of the building, spatial order and how to organize, and so on. Finally, it can be pointed out that the architect completely shapes the needs of the users of the residential space regarding the architectural qualities and advancing the design process. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of the study indicate that architects consider the design process as two-way communication between the architect and the user, so during this interaction, the user first expresses his needs and then the architect tries to use his expertise to provide them with a correct and acceptable answer to gain their satisfaction and to increase the quality of the final product. In the meantime, sometimes the user's decision and the architect's discretion may be in conflict with each other. In this case, the architect acts according to the user's wishes despite his inner desire after warning about the possible consequences of doing an action. The non-contradiction of these demands with the legal requirements that are basically raised by various organizations has been declared as the most important red line for users’ involvement. Ultimately, if we think of the design process as a movie, the user will act as the producer and the architect as the director. In this process, the architect’s expertise and the user’s need complement each other. The results of this study, in addition to confirming the articles in the review of the literature, have followed the path of this issue. For this reason, in the way of advancing the issue of user participation in the design process, the level of user participation in the design process was determined. Therefore, in line with conducting future studies, the path ahead of researchers can be a deeper examination of users’ needs in the design process. افراد و اقشار مختلف در جوامع انسانی نیازمند سرپناهی به نام «مسکن» هستند. فرآیند طراحی این نوع فضاها از راه‌های مختلفی انجام می‌شود که امکان بهره‌گیری از نظر‌های بهره‌بردار در‌طول انجام‌دادن این فرآیند، همواره مد‌نظر جامعۀ طراحان بوده است؛ زیرا کاربران در این امر عضوی اثرگذارند. در‌طی سال‌های اخیر، رویکرد مشارکتی به‌عنوان پاسخی مناسب در فرآیند طراحی فضاهای مسکونی، نقش مهمی داشته است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تبیین و سنجش «کم و کیف مشارکت کاربر در فرآیند طراحی» است؛ از این رو در این مقاله کوشش شده است تا به پرسش‌هایی چون کاربر در چه موضوعاتی و تا چه میزان می‌تواند در این فرآیند ورود کند، پاسخ داده شود. در پژوهش حاضر از روش نظریۀ برپایه استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل‌شده نشان‌دهندۀ حدود و نحوۀ مشارکت کاربر در مراحل مختلف فرآیند طراحی در فعالیتی سه مرحله‌ای و رفت‌و‌برگشتی است که در آن سهم کاربر بیشتر در «میزان تأثیرگذاری با اعلام نیازها» و سهم‌ معمار نیز بیشتر در «میزان مشارکت با اعمال ملاحظه‌های تخصصی» مطرح است. نوآوری پژوهش حاضر حصول مدل و مؤلفه‌های برآمده با استفاده از نظریۀ برپایه و ارائۀ مدل سه مرحله‌ای از مشارکت کاربر در فرآیند طراحی است.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_27592_f8dbc5645855b841a8cad2968136bc08.pdf