University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 12 1 2022 04 21 Assessing the Role of Social Participation in the Development of Rural Areas: Case Study: Rural Areas of Fereydunshahr Assessing the Role of Social Participation in the Development of Rural Areas: Case Study: Rural Areas of Fereydunshahr 1 16 26071 10.22108/sppl.2021.126916.1569 FA Ahmad Hajarian Ph.D. Student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Hamid Barghi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 20 Abstract Problem definition: The issue of participation has become very important in recent decades in relation to such issues as democracy, development, etc. Participation and rural development have been proposed as two related and complementary elements and increasing the level of participation among villagers is considered as a sign and means of rural development. This can be useful for future policies and planning for rural areas. Purpose: Social participation is a broad concept that includes dimensions, such as social trust, empowerment, and norms, which are discussed today in socio-economic analyses of rural development. The purpose of this article was to show the role of social participation in rural development. Methodology: The statistical population of the study consisted of 4200 rural women aged 15 years and older in Fereydunshahr City and the sample size was determined to be 240 people by using Cochran's formula. Results: Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In this study, the observed variables for the two components of empowerment and social trust were obtained. Two first-order factor analysis models were developed and validated to measure two subscales of social participation. Finally, the roles and effects of the observed variables and their dual components on social participation as the main latent dependent variable, as well as the relationships between them were analyzed by using a two-factor structural model of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed the acceptable fit and validity of both models of measuring social participation and achieving goals, as well as the second-order three-factor model for examining social participation, based on the collected data. Also, social empowerment (0.65) and trust (0.78) had an effect on social participation. Innovation: In the present study, for the first time, the issues of participation and rural development were investigated by performing the structural analyses of the two categories of social trust and social empowerment. Keywords: Social Participation, Social Trust, Social Empowerment, Rural Areas, Fereydunshahr Introduction Each rural settlement consists of various economic, social, cultural, and political spheres, each of which represents one aspect of social life. Accordingly, rural space has a certain structure with regard to its environmental and ecological characteristics and socio-economic features, which indicate its basic capabilities and actual talents (Saeedi, 1998: 19). Reaching the all-round developments and peaks of growth and excellence has been one of the human aspirations throughout history. To achieve this aspiration, human beings have always tried different ways to test the plants and accelerate achievement of development through this process. The development of a region is not only possible by relying on natural resources, but also one of the necessary and basic items of social participation. Social participation of a city and village expresses a part of the human potential of that city and village. To develop any programs, it is necessary that social participation of the area be thoroughly examined. Social participation can be considered in a broad and macro level based on a set of moral virtues and social relations in line with developments that are influenced by both economic and political performances and the constructions of power and governance commensurate with it at the same time affect these two performances (Dini Turkmani, 2006: 171-147). Development has a concept beyond growth and requires qualitative and structural changes different from the previous routine (Sarafi, 2003: 98-74). Social participation for achieving rural development has been the growing subject of many studies in recent years. The necessary condition for the development of any society, especially rural communities, is reaching a comprehensive development by building warm relations, expanding social cohesion, and developing social empowerment and most importantly mutual trust at the individual, society, and government levels. These structures are components of social participation. Although this research field has been considered for a long time, scientific studies of villages have been of special interest only in recent decades (Saeedi, 2005: 1). Rural development includes a set of national developments. It encompasses a wide range of activities and human mobilization that enable people to stand on their own feet and eliminate structural disabilities. Considering the concept of social participation, development can be regarded as the enrichment of social actions due to the increase in the desire for empowerment and social trust. In this case, the transition to development through the creation of institutions, beliefs, value balances, norms, and productive structures, as well as the structures that encourage social participation, will be possible. According to various definitions, social participation includes concepts, such as trust, empowerment, and interaction between the members of a group. In a way, social participation causes the group to take steps towards values and norms that are positive and admired in the society (Renani et al., 2006: 151-133). In addition to modeling social participation in rural development in the two dimensions of trust and social empowerment, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the levels of social participation of the studied villages. By examining these two dimensions of social participation, we could find out how much the residents of the sample villages cared about the components of social trust and empowerment among themselves and to what extent they participated in their rural development in general. Given the importance of the issue and other issues raised, this study sought to examine two important components of social participation, namely social trust and social empowerment, in the rural areas of Fereydunshahr City. Research Methods The present study was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in nature. The study population included all rural households in Fereydunshahr. According to the statistics of 2016, the total number of households in Fereydunshahr was 9275, of which 4383 households were located in rural areas. To determine the sample size, Cochran's general order was used. Due to time and economic constraints and especially the size of the statistical population specified through the corrected order, the sample questionnaires were reduced to 240ones. Villages were selected as a sample in the study area and the numbers of the samples and villages were determined systematically. The sample areas of Milagardo Chogha, Kloseh and Masir, Racheh and Islamabad, Choghiwart and Nehzatabad, and Darreh Sib and Midanak Bozorg from Barf Anbar, Poshtkuh Mogoi, Pishkuh Mogoi, Cheshmeh Negan, and Ashayer villages were selected. Findings Measurement models were based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and validation of scales. First, two models of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicating a factor for creating and measuring the two subscales of trust and social empowerment as components of social participation were drawn and analyzed in the AmosGraphic software environment. A measurement model is part of a structural equation model that defines how to measure a latent variable by using two or more observable variables. Here, the variable of social participation was a hidden variable, which had to be drawn in an oval form in the software. A hidden variable is a variable that is not measured directly, but is measured by using two or more observed variables (e.g., empowerment and social trust in this article) as a representative. The obvious variables have the same roles as the questions of the questionnaire shown in a graph with the letter of q. The hidden variable can be measured by using them. The measurement error for the obvious variable is represented by the letter of e (Ghasemi, 2010). The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load, which is a value between 0 and 1. If the factor load is less than 0.3, it is ignored for having a weak relationship. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable and larger than 0.6 is highly desirable. According to Table 3, all the observed variables have positive and significant regression coefficients with their scales. As can be seen, the magnitudes of these coefficients are relatively high for all the studied cases (all the factor loads are at the significant level of 0.001). In this table, no significant levels are reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the two observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as the reference or representative variables for the two variables of social empowerment and social trust, respectively, so as to eliminate these hidden variables without a scale, i.e, without their root and unit of measurements (Ghasemi, 1389). That is why the initial path diagrams have been considered for the arrows related to the paths between these observed variables with the hidden variable corresponding to the values of 1. The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) criterion represents the average variance shared between each structure and its own indicators. Simply put, AVE is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of the indices of other structures. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1 and the values above 0.5 are accepted (Fornell & Lacker, 1981: 39-50). In this research, the convergent validities or means of AVE for social empowerment and social trust it were 0.60 and 0.71, respectively. The coefficient value of structural reliability or Combined Reliability (CR) ranges from 0 to 1one variable and the values of higher than 0.7 are accepted. These values were obtained to be 0.77 and 0.74 for social empowerment and social trust, respectively, which indicated appropriateness of these subscales (Werts, 1974: 28). References - Anchorena, Jose and Fernando Anjos. (2008). Social Ties and Economic Development; Working Paper, Electronic Copy Available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1123767 - Bartlett, J.E., Kotrlik, J.W., & Higgins, C.C. (2001). Organizational rsearch:Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information,Technology, Learning and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. - Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1995). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13, 139–161. - Bruegel, I (2006). Social Capital, Diversity and Education Policy, Families & Social Capital ESRC Research Group. London South Bank University. - Shook, C. L., Ketchen, D. J. Jr., Hult, G. T.M., & Kacmar, K.M. (2004). An assessment of the use of structural equation models in strategic management research. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 397–404. - Fornell, C., and Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 18, pp. - Malhotra, A. (2003) Conceptualizing and Measuring Womans Empowerment As A Variable in International Development . Paper was presented at the workshop on measuring Empowerment : Cross –Disciplinary , 1-5 - McGowan, Thomas M. (2006). Children's Fiction as a Source for Social Studies Skill-Building, ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education. No 37. p 81 - Monavarian, A., & Niazi, H. R. (2006). Effective factors on employee’s empowering in management and planning organization. Third Conference human resource development, 4-5 December, Tehran. - Misztal, B. (2006). Trust in Modern Societies .Cambridge: CUP. - Moore , Christophe R, (1989).The mediation Processes , San Francisco Publishers. - Sabtini, F. (2005). Measuring Social Capital in Italy. - Fukoyama, F. (1999). Social Capital and civil society,WWW. IMF.org - Grootaert, C. (1998). Social Capital: The missing Link, Working Paper No.3, Word Bank. - Terluin, I. (2003). Differences in Economic Development in Rural Regions of Advanced Countries: An Overview and Critical Analysis of Theories; Journal of Rural Studies 19 (2003) 327–344 . - Zmerli Sonja & Ken Newton. (2008).Socia l Trust and Attitudes Toward Democracy, Public Opinion Quarterly, Pp 1 -1 9. Abstract Problem definition: The issue of participation has become very important in recent decades in relation to such issues as democracy, development, etc. Participation and rural development have been proposed as two related and complementary elements and increasing the level of participation among villagers is considered as a sign and means of rural development. This can be useful for future policies and planning for rural areas. Purpose: Social participation is a broad concept that includes dimensions, such as social trust, empowerment, and norms, which are discussed today in socio-economic analyses of rural development. The purpose of this article was to show the role of social participation in rural development. Methodology: The statistical population of the study consisted of 4200 rural women aged 15 years and older in Fereydunshahr City and the sample size was determined to be 240 people by using Cochran's formula. Results: Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In this study, the observed variables for the two components of empowerment and social trust were obtained. Two first-order factor analysis models were developed and validated to measure two subscales of social participation. Finally, the roles and effects of the observed variables and their dual components on social participation as the main latent dependent variable, as well as the relationships between them were analyzed by using a two-factor structural model of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed the acceptable fit and validity of both models of measuring social participation and achieving goals, as well as the second-order three-factor model for examining social participation, based on the collected data. Also, social empowerment (0.65) and trust (0.78) had an effect on social participation. Innovation: In the present study, for the first time, the issues of participation and rural development were investigated by performing the structural analyses of the two categories of social trust and social empowerment. Keywords: Social Participation, Social Trust, Social Empowerment, Rural Areas, Fereydunshahr Introduction Each rural settlement consists of various economic, social, cultural, and political spheres, each of which represents one aspect of social life. Accordingly, rural space has a certain structure with regard to its environmental and ecological characteristics and socio-economic features, which indicate its basic capabilities and actual talents (Saeedi, 1998: 19). Reaching the all-round developments and peaks of growth and excellence has been one of the human aspirations throughout history. To achieve this aspiration, human beings have always tried different ways to test the plants and accelerate achievement of development through this process. The development of a region is not only possible by relying on natural resources, but also one of the necessary and basic items of social participation. Social participation of a city and village expresses a part of the human potential of that city and village. To develop any programs, it is necessary that social participation of the area be thoroughly examined. Social participation can be considered in a broad and macro level based on a set of moral virtues and social relations in line with developments that are influenced by both economic and political performances and the constructions of power and governance commensurate with it at the same time affect these two performances (Dini Turkmani, 2006: 171-147). Development has a concept beyond growth and requires qualitative and structural changes different from the previous routine (Sarafi, 2003: 98-74). Social participation for achieving rural development has been the growing subject of many studies in recent years. The necessary condition for the development of any society, especially rural communities, is reaching a comprehensive development by building warm relations, expanding social cohesion, and developing social empowerment and most importantly mutual trust at the individual, society, and government levels. These structures are components of social participation. Although this research field has been considered for a long time, scientific studies of villages have been of special interest only in recent decades (Saeedi, 2005: 1). Rural development includes a set of national developments. It encompasses a wide range of activities and human mobilization that enable people to stand on their own feet and eliminate structural disabilities. Considering the concept of social participation, development can be regarded as the enrichment of social actions due to the increase in the desire for empowerment and social trust. In this case, the transition to development through the creation of institutions, beliefs, value balances, norms, and productive structures, as well as the structures that encourage social participation, will be possible. According to various definitions, social participation includes concepts, such as trust, empowerment, and interaction between the members of a group. In a way, social participation causes the group to take steps towards values and norms that are positive and admired in the society (Renani et al., 2006: 151-133). In addition to modeling social participation in rural development in the two dimensions of trust and social empowerment, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the levels of social participation of the studied villages. By examining these two dimensions of social participation, we could find out how much the residents of the sample villages cared about the components of social trust and empowerment among themselves and to what extent they participated in their rural development in general. Given the importance of the issue and other issues raised, this study sought to examine two important components of social participation, namely social trust and social empowerment, in the rural areas of Fereydunshahr City. Research Methods The present study was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in nature. The study population included all rural households in Fereydunshahr. According to the statistics of 2016, the total number of households in Fereydunshahr was 9275, of which 4383 households were located in rural areas. To determine the sample size, Cochran's general order was used. Due to time and economic constraints and especially the size of the statistical population specified through the corrected order, the sample questionnaires were reduced to 240ones. Villages were selected as a sample in the study area and the numbers of the samples and villages were determined systematically. The sample areas of Milagardo Chogha, Kloseh and Masir, Racheh and Islamabad, Choghiwart and Nehzatabad, and Darreh Sib and Midanak Bozorg from Barf Anbar, Poshtkuh Mogoi, Pishkuh Mogoi, Cheshmeh Negan, and Ashayer villages were selected. Findings Measurement models were based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and validation of scales. First, two models of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicating a factor for creating and measuring the two subscales of trust and social empowerment as components of social participation were drawn and analyzed in the AmosGraphic software environment. A measurement model is part of a structural equation model that defines how to measure a latent variable by using two or more observable variables. Here, the variable of social participation was a hidden variable, which had to be drawn in an oval form in the software. A hidden variable is a variable that is not measured directly, but is measured by using two or more observed variables (e.g., empowerment and social trust in this article) as a representative. The obvious variables have the same roles as the questions of the questionnaire shown in a graph with the letter of q. The hidden variable can be measured by using them. The measurement error for the obvious variable is represented by the letter of e (Ghasemi, 2010). The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load, which is a value between 0 and 1. If the factor load is less than 0.3, it is ignored for having a weak relationship. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable and larger than 0.6 is highly desirable. According to Table 3, all the observed variables have positive and significant regression coefficients with their scales. As can be seen, the magnitudes of these coefficients are relatively high for all the studied cases (all the factor loads are at the significant level of 0.001). In this table, no significant levels are reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the two observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as the reference or representative variables for the two variables of social empowerment and social trust, respectively, so as to eliminate these hidden variables without a scale, i.e, without their root and unit of measurements (Ghasemi, 1389). That is why the initial path diagrams have been considered for the arrows related to the paths between these observed variables with the hidden variable corresponding to the values of 1. The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) criterion represents the average variance shared between each structure and its own indicators. Simply put, AVE is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of the indices of other structures. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1 and the values above 0.5 are accepted (Fornell & Lacker, 1981: 39-50). In this research, the convergent validities or means of AVE for social empowerment and social trust it were 0.60 and 0.71, respectively. The coefficient value of structural reliability or Combined Reliability (CR) ranges from 0 to 1one variable and the values of higher than 0.7 are accepted. These values were obtained to be 0.77 and 0.74 for social empowerment and social trust, respectively, which indicated appropriateness of these subscales (Werts, 1974: 28). References - Anchorena, Jose and Fernando Anjos. (2008). Social Ties and Economic Development; Working Paper, Electronic Copy Available at:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1123767 - Bartlett, J.E., Kotrlik, J.W., & Higgins, C.C. (2001). Organizational rsearch:Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information,Technology, Learning and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43-50. - Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1995). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13, 139–161. - Bruegel, I (2006). Social Capital, Diversity and Education Policy, Families & Social Capital ESRC Research Group. London South Bank University. - Shook, C. L., Ketchen, D. J. Jr., Hult, G. T.M., & Kacmar, K.M. (2004). An assessment of the use of structural equation models in strategic management research. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 397–404. - Fornell, C., and Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 18, pp. - Malhotra, A. (2003) Conceptualizing and Measuring Womans Empowerment As A Variable in International Development . Paper was presented at the workshop on measuring Empowerment : Cross –Disciplinary , 1-5 - McGowan, Thomas M. (2006). Children's Fiction as a Source for Social Studies Skill-Building, ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education. No 37. p 81 - Monavarian, A., & Niazi, H. R. (2006). Effective factors on employee’s empowering in management and planning organization. Third Conference human resource development, 4-5 December, Tehran. - Misztal, B. (2006). Trust in Modern Societies .Cambridge: CUP. - Moore , Christophe R, (1989).The mediation Processes , San Francisco Publishers. - Sabtini, F. (2005). Measuring Social Capital in Italy. - Fukoyama, F. (1999). Social Capital and civil society,WWW. IMF.org - Grootaert, C. (1998). Social Capital: The missing Link, Working Paper No.3, Word Bank. - Terluin, I. (2003). Differences in Economic Development in Rural Regions of Advanced Countries: An Overview and Critical Analysis of Theories; Journal of Rural Studies 19 (2003) 327–344 . - Zmerli Sonja & Ken Newton. (2008).Socia l Trust and Attitudes Toward Democracy, Public Opinion Quarterly, Pp 1 -1 9.

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University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 12 1 2022 04 21 Attraction and Repulsion Factors of Tourism Destinations with Emphasis on Inbound French Cultural Tourists’ Experiences in Iran Attraction and Repulsion Factors of Tourism Destinations with Emphasis on Inbound French Cultural Tourists’ Experiences in Iran 17 32 26493 10.22108/sppl.2022.132089.1632 FA AhmadReza Sheikhi Assistant Professor of Tourism Planning, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Morteza Kowsari MA in Tourism Planning and Cultural Tour Guide, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 12 29 Abstract Choosing a tourist destination is a complex process and could be affected by various factors. Some of these factors depend on the destination and its characteristics. Recognizing the characteristics of the destination can guide stakeholders in the tourism industry to have a better view of the target markets and plan according to the tastes of the target market tourists. The present field study aimed at identifying the factors influencing the choice of Iran as a tourist destination from the perspective of French tourists who traveled to Iran in 2018. From this population, 385 tourists were selected using Cochran's formula. Their viewpoints were gathered using an online questionnaire. The results of the t-test showed that French tourists were more willing to communicate with the local community. It has also been shown that exchange rates and reasonable costs have played a major role alongside attractive Iranian hospitality. On the other hand, international problems arising from obtaining Iranian visas, inadequate roadside services, and cultural and religious restrictions were among the repulsive factors. Finally, using the Kendall test, we showed that the change in the attitude of tourists after the trip and encouraging their friends to travel to Iran have a significant correlation. Methodology The statistical population of this study was French tourists who traveled to Iran in 2018 for the purpose of cultural tourism. According to the statistical data of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts (MCTH), the number of these tourists in that year was 43,216. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error coefficient of 0.05 was used. Then, 385 tourists were selected as the sample size. Some support has also been received from two travel agencies, Clio and Intermed in France, which are active in the field of cultural tourism. Contact with French cultural tourists was not difficult since one of the researchers was a French-language cultural tourism guide. Due to his 10-years of experience with French cultural tourists, he has been in contact with many tourists who have traveled to Iran for cultural purposes. For this reason, the researcher had contact with around 100 tourists who had traveled to Iran in 2018. The rest of the sample members were introduced to the researcher through the two above-mentioned agencies. To collect the data for this study, a survey method was used. As shown in the theoretical foundations of the research, the motivation for traveling to Iran as a tourist destination was considered. In addition, the metrics of contextual variables including characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupation, religion, and the destination image were considered as the potential factors affecting tourists’ behaviors. All these measures have been studied through a research questionnaire. It was used to collect the data online. Discussion French tourists incoming to Iran have some difficulties in terms of obeying religious laws and observing the hijab. Therefore, the factor of religion is a strong repulsive factor for young tourists and less repulsive for older tourists because older tourists have accepted it as an Islamic norm. More than half of the tourists were women. Thus, gender also acted as a repulsive factor in terms of observing the hijab, especially for younger women. On the other hand, the high average age of tourists necessitates the improvement of infrastructures and facilities for older tourists. For example, the welfare services around the attractions roads were considered a repulsive factor, which caused many problems for the tourists of any age. For this reason, service complexes of high quality should be provided around all tourist attractions. Most of the tourists surveyed also stated that they earn more than 25,000 euros a year. Most of them have stayed in 4- or 5-star hotels and showed a high degree of satisfaction, which is partially in line with international standards. Conclusion In summary, the results showed that despite the negative effect of sanctions, hotels have been able to provide services to tourists with high quality in Iran's tourist destinations. In addition, tourists tend to communicate with the local community and enjoy cultural diversity. Indeed, by providing some training courses to the Iranian local communities, they can be prepared for better interaction with tourists. Working on their language level is also a determining factor. Another repulsive factor was inactivity in the field of advertising. This issue, which has different types and forms, can be less expensive, easier, and more effective to improve today than in the past. One of the advertising types that can be easily done today is awareness through websites and virtual networks. Most tourists use websites for gathering relevant information. However, Iran has not been able to have a standard tourism database. Social media can also attract and reassure many tourists by shortening the relationship between consumers and suppliers of various goods and services and eliminating negative images such as insecurity. The mental image of tourists towards the destination before the trip was not very clear and desirable, while they have stated that their mental image of Iran after the trip has changed dramatically. Keywords: Motivation, Attraction and Repulsion Factors, Iran Tourism Destination, French Tourists. References - Adnan, S. F., & Omar, S. I. (2021). Assessing the tourists satisfaction of adventure lodges: a case study of Tadom Hill Resorts, Malaysia. Journal of Ecotourism, 1-16. - Alves, G. M., Sousa, B. M., & Machado, A. (2020). The role of digital marketing and online relationship quality in social tourism: A tourism for all case study. In Digital marketing strategies for tourism, hospitality, and airline industries (pp. 49-70). IGI Global. - Beirman, D. (2020). Restoring tourism destinations in crisis: A strategic marketing approach. Routledge. - Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2014). Tourism branding, identity, reputation co-creation, and word-of-mouth in the age of social media. In Tourism management, marketing, and development (pp. 15-40). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. - Chen, C. C., Huang, W. J., & Petrick, J. F. (2016). Holiday recovery experiences, tourism satisfaction and life satisfaction–Is there a relationship? Journal of Tourism Management, 53, 140-147. - Dahiya, K. S., & Batra, D. K. (2016). Tourist decision making: Exploring the destination choice criteria. Asian Journal of Management Research, 7(2), 140-153. - Dolnicar, S. (2019). Market segmentation analysis in tourism: a perspective paper. Tourism Review, 75(1). - Goldner, Ch. R., & Ritchi, J. R. B. (2009). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies. Eleventh Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. - Karl, M., & Schmude, J. (2017). Understanding the role of risk (perception) in destination choice: A literature review and synthesis. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 65(2), 138-155. - Leisen, B. (2001). Image segmentation: The Case of a Tourism Destination. Journal of Services Marketing, 15(1), 49-66. - Lin, M. S., Liang, Y., Xue, J. X., Pan, B., & Schroeder, A. (2021). Destination image through social media analytics and survey method. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(6). - Lojo, A., Li, M., & Xu, H. (2020). Online tourism destination image: Components, information sources, and incongruence. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(4), 495-509. - Middleton, V. T., & Clarke, J. R. (2001). Marketing in Travel Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. - Mousavi, S. S., Doratli, N., Mousavi, S. N., & Moradiahari, F. (2016). Defining cultural tourism. In International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Sustainable Development, 1(2), 70-75. - Ojo, B. Y., & Yusof, R. N. R. (2019). Edu-Tourism Destination Selection Process in an Emerging Economy. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 6(1), 45-59. - Pan, X., Rasouli, S., & Timmermans, H. (2021). Investigating tourist destination choice: Effect of destination image from social network members. Journal of Tourism Management, 83, 104217. - Pesonen, J., Komppula, R., Kronenberg, C., & Peters, M. (2011). Understanding the Relationship between Push and Pull Motivations in Rural Tourism. Journal of Tourism Review, 66(3), 32-49. - Peters, R. S. (2015). The concept of motivation. Routledge. - Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Sanctions and tourism: Effects, complexities and research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4-5), 749-767. - Siriwardana, L. (2009), Characteristics and Motivations of Outbound Tourism of New Zealand and Selection of Sri Lanka as travel destination: An Analytical Report. MBA Thesis, Waikato University, New Zealand. - Sohrabi, B., Vanani, I. R., Nasiri, N., & Rudd, A. G. (2020). A predictive model of tourist destinations based on tourists' comments and interests using text analytics. Journal of Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100710. - Srnka, K. J. (2004). Culture’s role in marketers’ ethical decision making: An integrated theoretical framework. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1(4), 1-32. - Suresh, K., Wilson, C., Quayle, A., Khanal, U., & Managi, S. (2021). Which national park attributes attract international tourists? A Sri Lankan case study. Journal of Tourism Economics, 13548166211019865. - Vidon, E. S., & Rickly, J. M. (2018). Alienation and anxiety in tourism motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 65-75. - Yoo, C. K., Yoon, D., & Park, E. (2018). Tourist motivation: an integral approach to destination choices. Journal of Tourism Review, 73(2). Abstract Choosing a tourist destination is a complex process and could be affected by various factors. Some of these factors depend on the destination and its characteristics. Recognizing the characteristics of the destination can guide stakeholders in the tourism industry to have a better view of the target markets and plan according to the tastes of the target market tourists. The present field study aimed at identifying the factors influencing the choice of Iran as a tourist destination from the perspective of French tourists who traveled to Iran in 2018. From this population, 385 tourists were selected using Cochran's formula. Their viewpoints were gathered using an online questionnaire. The results of the t-test showed that French tourists were more willing to communicate with the local community. It has also been shown that exchange rates and reasonable costs have played a major role alongside attractive Iranian hospitality. On the other hand, international problems arising from obtaining Iranian visas, inadequate roadside services, and cultural and religious restrictions were among the repulsive factors. Finally, using the Kendall test, we showed that the change in the attitude of tourists after the trip and encouraging their friends to travel to Iran have a significant correlation. Methodology The statistical population of this study was French tourists who traveled to Iran in 2018 for the purpose of cultural tourism. According to the statistical data of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts (MCTH), the number of these tourists in that year was 43,216. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula with an error coefficient of 0.05 was used. Then, 385 tourists were selected as the sample size. Some support has also been received from two travel agencies, Clio and Intermed in France, which are active in the field of cultural tourism. Contact with French cultural tourists was not difficult since one of the researchers was a French-language cultural tourism guide. Due to his 10-years of experience with French cultural tourists, he has been in contact with many tourists who have traveled to Iran for cultural purposes. For this reason, the researcher had contact with around 100 tourists who had traveled to Iran in 2018. The rest of the sample members were introduced to the researcher through the two above-mentioned agencies. To collect the data for this study, a survey method was used. As shown in the theoretical foundations of the research, the motivation for traveling to Iran as a tourist destination was considered. In addition, the metrics of contextual variables including characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupation, religion, and the destination image were considered as the potential factors affecting tourists’ behaviors. All these measures have been studied through a research questionnaire. It was used to collect the data online. Discussion French tourists incoming to Iran have some difficulties in terms of obeying religious laws and observing the hijab. Therefore, the factor of religion is a strong repulsive factor for young tourists and less repulsive for older tourists because older tourists have accepted it as an Islamic norm. More than half of the tourists were women. Thus, gender also acted as a repulsive factor in terms of observing the hijab, especially for younger women. On the other hand, the high average age of tourists necessitates the improvement of infrastructures and facilities for older tourists. For example, the welfare services around the attractions roads were considered a repulsive factor, which caused many problems for the tourists of any age. For this reason, service complexes of high quality should be provided around all tourist attractions. Most of the tourists surveyed also stated that they earn more than 25,000 euros a year. Most of them have stayed in 4- or 5-star hotels and showed a high degree of satisfaction, which is partially in line with international standards. Conclusion In summary, the results showed that despite the negative effect of sanctions, hotels have been able to provide services to tourists with high quality in Iran's tourist destinations. In addition, tourists tend to communicate with the local community and enjoy cultural diversity. Indeed, by providing some training courses to the Iranian local communities, they can be prepared for better interaction with tourists. Working on their language level is also a determining factor. Another repulsive factor was inactivity in the field of advertising. This issue, which has different types and forms, can be less expensive, easier, and more effective to improve today than in the past. One of the advertising types that can be easily done today is awareness through websites and virtual networks. Most tourists use websites for gathering relevant information. However, Iran has not been able to have a standard tourism database. Social media can also attract and reassure many tourists by shortening the relationship between consumers and suppliers of various goods and services and eliminating negative images such as insecurity. The mental image of tourists towards the destination before the trip was not very clear and desirable, while they have stated that their mental image of Iran after the trip has changed dramatically. Keywords: Motivation, Attraction and Repulsion Factors, Iran Tourism Destination, French Tourists. References - Adnan, S. F., & Omar, S. I. (2021). Assessing the tourists satisfaction of adventure lodges: a case study of Tadom Hill Resorts, Malaysia. Journal of Ecotourism, 1-16. - Alves, G. M., Sousa, B. M., & Machado, A. (2020). The role of digital marketing and online relationship quality in social tourism: A tourism for all case study. In Digital marketing strategies for tourism, hospitality, and airline industries (pp. 49-70). IGI Global. - Beirman, D. (2020). Restoring tourism destinations in crisis: A strategic marketing approach. Routledge. - Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2014). Tourism branding, identity, reputation co-creation, and word-of-mouth in the age of social media. In Tourism management, marketing, and development (pp. 15-40). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. - Chen, C. C., Huang, W. J., & Petrick, J. F. (2016). Holiday recovery experiences, tourism satisfaction and life satisfaction–Is there a relationship? Journal of Tourism Management, 53, 140-147. - Dahiya, K. S., & Batra, D. K. (2016). Tourist decision making: Exploring the destination choice criteria. Asian Journal of Management Research, 7(2), 140-153. - Dolnicar, S. (2019). Market segmentation analysis in tourism: a perspective paper. Tourism Review, 75(1). - Goldner, Ch. R., & Ritchi, J. R. B. (2009). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies. Eleventh Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. - Karl, M., & Schmude, J. (2017). Understanding the role of risk (perception) in destination choice: A literature review and synthesis. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 65(2), 138-155. - Leisen, B. (2001). Image segmentation: The Case of a Tourism Destination. Journal of Services Marketing, 15(1), 49-66. - Lin, M. S., Liang, Y., Xue, J. X., Pan, B., & Schroeder, A. (2021). Destination image through social media analytics and survey method. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(6). - Lojo, A., Li, M., & Xu, H. (2020). Online tourism destination image: Components, information sources, and incongruence. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(4), 495-509. - Middleton, V. T., & Clarke, J. R. (2001). Marketing in Travel Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. - Mousavi, S. S., Doratli, N., Mousavi, S. N., & Moradiahari, F. (2016). Defining cultural tourism. In International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Sustainable Development, 1(2), 70-75. - Ojo, B. Y., & Yusof, R. N. R. (2019). Edu-Tourism Destination Selection Process in an Emerging Economy. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 6(1), 45-59. - Pan, X., Rasouli, S., & Timmermans, H. (2021). Investigating tourist destination choice: Effect of destination image from social network members. Journal of Tourism Management, 83, 104217. - Pesonen, J., Komppula, R., Kronenberg, C., & Peters, M. (2011). Understanding the Relationship between Push and Pull Motivations in Rural Tourism. Journal of Tourism Review, 66(3), 32-49. - Peters, R. S. (2015). The concept of motivation. Routledge. - Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Sanctions and tourism: Effects, complexities and research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4-5), 749-767. - Siriwardana, L. (2009), Characteristics and Motivations of Outbound Tourism of New Zealand and Selection of Sri Lanka as travel destination: An Analytical Report. MBA Thesis, Waikato University, New Zealand. - Sohrabi, B., Vanani, I. R., Nasiri, N., & Rudd, A. G. (2020). A predictive model of tourist destinations based on tourists' comments and interests using text analytics. Journal of Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100710. - Srnka, K. J. (2004). Culture’s role in marketers’ ethical decision making: An integrated theoretical framework. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1(4), 1-32. - Suresh, K., Wilson, C., Quayle, A., Khanal, U., & Managi, S. (2021). Which national park attributes attract international tourists? A Sri Lankan case study. Journal of Tourism Economics, 13548166211019865. - Vidon, E. S., & Rickly, J. M. (2018). Alienation and anxiety in tourism motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 65-75. - Yoo, C. K., Yoon, D., & Park, E. (2018). Tourist motivation: an integral approach to destination choices. Journal of Tourism Review, 73(2).

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University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 12 1 2022 04 21 Evaluating Environmental Awareness and Knowledge of Rural Communities (Case Study: Choghakhor Rural Area) Evaluating Environmental Awareness and Knowledge of Rural Communities (Case Study: Choghakhor Rural Area) 33 50 26453 10.22108/sppl.2022.132204.1635 FA Asghar Norouzi Associate professor, Department of Geography and rural planning, Payame Noor University,P.O Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran, 0000-0002-5609-7855 Farideh Yadollahi MSc, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 13 Abstract Problem Definition: In recent decades, the catastrophic increase in environmental degradation in its various dimensions has been considered by the international community. In the context of these environmental disorders, many inappropriate behaviors that are the result of ignorance and lack of environmental knowledge should not be ignored and rural areas can have a double impact in this regard due to their closer relationship with the environment. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the level of environmental knowledge and awareness of the villagers in the rural area of Choghakhor. Methodology: This research is applied and descriptive-analytical (based on survey) in terms of type and method, respectively. The statistical population includes villagers in the Choghakhor area of Boroujen County. Accordingly, 251 samples from 2065 households were selected by random sampling and questioned. Results: The results of the study show that the average score of environmental knowledge in the sample group is 140.27 which is higher than the cut-off score; therefore, the level of villagers’ environmental awareness and knowledge is above average. The results of the chi-square test and ETA correlation coefficient show that there is a positive and moderate relationship between gender and marital status with the level of awareness and environmental knowledge. For the variables of age and education, according to the value of Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient -0.179 and 0.401, this relationship is negative-weak and positive-average, respectively. But, there is no relationship between the level of environmental awareness and knowledge and the villagers’ employment status or occupation. Conversely, this relationship exists weakly for the income variable. The results of one-way analysis of variance with the F value (1.248) are not significant and this shows that the spatial difference is not significant with respect to environmental awareness and knowledge. Innovation: The innovation of research lies in the application of indicators appropriate to local conditions, type of tests, and research location. Keywords: Village, Sustainable Rural Development, Environmental Awareness and Knowledge, Choghakhor Area. References - Abdul-Halim, N. S., Ruslan, N. S., Idris, N. S. U., & Nawawi, S. A. (2021). Knowledge, attitude and practice of environmental sustainability among Sustainable Science students in Universiti Malaysia Kelantan. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 842, No. 1, p. 012048). IOP Publishing. - Ahmadian, D., & Haghighatian, M. (2016). Sociological analysis of the role of cultural factors on urban environmental behaviors studied (citizens of Kermanshah). Journal of Urban Sociological Studies, 6(18), 51-76 (in Persian). - Akpafun, S., Ndinwa, G., & Chukumah, C. (2020). Evaluation of Environmental Awreness Level Aong Sakeholders in in Rural and Urban Communites, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Climate Research, 4(1), 1-15. - Al-Rabaani, A., & Al-Shuili, A. (2020). Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Omani Post-Basic Education Students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 60(1), 29-38. - Arcury, T. A., & Johnson, T. P. (1987). Public environmental knowledge: A statewide survey. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(4), 31-37. - Bahram Soltani, K. (2008). Environment. Tehran: Urban Planning and Architecture Research Center of Iran (in Persian). - Banan, Gh. A. (1973). Human environment and prevention of its pollution. Tehran: National Association for the Protection of Natural Resources and Human Environment (in Persian). - Bashirun, S. N., & Noranee, S. (2020). Influence of Environmental Knowledge and Attitude on Employee Green Behaviour. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(6), 937–946. - Dehkhoda, A. A. (1994). Dictionary of Dehkhoda. Tehran: University of Tehran (in Persian). - Fazeli, M., & Salehi, J. (2014). The gap between tourists' attitudes, knowledge and environmental behavior. Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 22, 161-137 (in Persian). - Frick, J., Kaiser, F. G., & Wilson, M. (2004). Environmental knowledge and conservation behavior: Exploring prevalence and structure in a representative sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(8), 1597-1613. - Geiger, S. M., Geiger, M., & Wilhelm, O. (2019). Environment-specific vs. general knowledge and their role in pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 718. - Sareban, V. H., & Toutakhane, A. M. (2019). Modeling the environmental knowledge of local communities in tourist villages case study: touristic road of Qaleh Chaei, Ajabshir County. Journal of Rural Development Strategies, 6(1). - Khoshfar, G., Salehi, S., Vesal, Z., & Abaszade, M. R. (2015). Evaluate the Social factors affecting environmental awareness of villagers (Case study: The Village-city of Jagharq in Binalud county). Journal of Rural Research, 6(1), 137-158 (in Persian). - Lin, S. T., & Niu, H. J. (2018). Green consumption: Environmental knowledge, environmental consciousness, social norms, and purchasing behavior. Journal of Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), 1679-1688. - Liu, P., Teng, M., & Han, C. (2020). How does environmental knowledge translate into pro-environmental behaviors?: The mediating role of environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions. Journal of Science of the Total Environment, 126-138. - Makhdoom, M. (1996). Sustainable Development. Journal of Jihad, 194, 3-10 (in Persian). - McBride, B. B., Brewer, C. A., Berkowitz, A. R., & Borrie, W. T. (2013). Environmental literacy, ecological literacy, ecoliteracy: What do we mean and how did we get here? Ecosphere, 4(5), 1-20 - Mikuła, A., Raczkowska, M., & Utzig, M. (2021). Pro-Environmental Behaviour in the European Union Countries. Energies, 14(18), 5689. - Mostafa, M. M. (2007). Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behaviour: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(3), 220-229. - Noori, H., & Norouzi, A. (2017). Fundamentals of Environmental Planning for Sustainable Rural Development. Isfahan: University of Isfahan Press (in Persian). - Pourtarery, M., Roknedin Eftekhari, A., & Rahmati, M. (2013). The Impacts of Legal Knowledge in Rural Social Welfare (A Case: Study of Western Mian Kohe, Country area Poldokhtar-Lorestan Province-Iran). Journal of Geography and Planning, 16(42), 45-63. - Riahi, V., Javan, F., & Dehghani, N. (2017). Analysis of the viewpoint of training the villagers to protect the environment of rural areas (Case Study: Rezvanshahr city). Journal of Human and Environment, 14(39), 67-78 (in Persian). - Salehi, S. (2012). Environmental Behvaior and Education. Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(2), 201-226 (in Persian). - Salehi, S., & Imam Gholi, L. (2012). Experimental study of the relationship between environmental awareness and behaviors (study of urban and rural areas of Sanandaj city). Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 1, 121-147 (in Persian). - Shakouei, H. (2011). New Thoughts in the Philosophy of Geography. Seventh Edition. Tehran: Gitashenasi Publication (in Persian). - Sojasi Qeidari, H., & Faal Jalali, A. (2018). Assessing the Villagers’ Environmental Behavior and Awareness (Case Study: Zanglanloo Rural District). Journal of Spatial Planning, 8(1), 29-50 (in Persian). - Sojasi Qeidary, H., & Azizi, S. (2016). Assessing Rural Farmers Environmental Literacy Level (Case Study: Villages of Zoeram Dehestan in Shirvan District). Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 27(3), 107-130 (in Persian). - Statistics Center of Iran (2016). General Census of Population and Housing in 2016, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. (n.p) (in Persian). - Webster (2022). Merriam-webster Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environment. Abstract Problem Definition: In recent decades, the catastrophic increase in environmental degradation in its various dimensions has been considered by the international community. In the context of these environmental disorders, many inappropriate behaviors that are the result of ignorance and lack of environmental knowledge should not be ignored and rural areas can have a double impact in this regard due to their closer relationship with the environment. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the level of environmental knowledge and awareness of the villagers in the rural area of Choghakhor. Methodology: This research is applied and descriptive-analytical (based on survey) in terms of type and method, respectively. The statistical population includes villagers in the Choghakhor area of Boroujen County. Accordingly, 251 samples from 2065 households were selected by random sampling and questioned. Results: The results of the study show that the average score of environmental knowledge in the sample group is 140.27 which is higher than the cut-off score; therefore, the level of villagers’ environmental awareness and knowledge is above average. The results of the chi-square test and ETA correlation coefficient show that there is a positive and moderate relationship between gender and marital status with the level of awareness and environmental knowledge. For the variables of age and education, according to the value of Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient -0.179 and 0.401, this relationship is negative-weak and positive-average, respectively. But, there is no relationship between the level of environmental awareness and knowledge and the villagers’ employment status or occupation. Conversely, this relationship exists weakly for the income variable. The results of one-way analysis of variance with the F value (1.248) are not significant and this shows that the spatial difference is not significant with respect to environmental awareness and knowledge. Innovation: The innovation of research lies in the application of indicators appropriate to local conditions, type of tests, and research location. Keywords: Village, Sustainable Rural Development, Environmental Awareness and Knowledge, Choghakhor Area. References - Abdul-Halim, N. S., Ruslan, N. S., Idris, N. S. U., & Nawawi, S. A. (2021). Knowledge, attitude and practice of environmental sustainability among Sustainable Science students in Universiti Malaysia Kelantan. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 842, No. 1, p. 012048). IOP Publishing. - Ahmadian, D., & Haghighatian, M. (2016). Sociological analysis of the role of cultural factors on urban environmental behaviors studied (citizens of Kermanshah). Journal of Urban Sociological Studies, 6(18), 51-76 (in Persian). - Akpafun, S., Ndinwa, G., & Chukumah, C. (2020). Evaluation of Environmental Awreness Level Aong Sakeholders in in Rural and Urban Communites, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Climate Research, 4(1), 1-15. - Al-Rabaani, A., & Al-Shuili, A. (2020). Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior among Omani Post-Basic Education Students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 60(1), 29-38. - Arcury, T. A., & Johnson, T. P. (1987). Public environmental knowledge: A statewide survey. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(4), 31-37. - Bahram Soltani, K. (2008). Environment. Tehran: Urban Planning and Architecture Research Center of Iran (in Persian). - Banan, Gh. A. (1973). Human environment and prevention of its pollution. Tehran: National Association for the Protection of Natural Resources and Human Environment (in Persian). - Bashirun, S. N., & Noranee, S. (2020). Influence of Environmental Knowledge and Attitude on Employee Green Behaviour. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(6), 937–946. - Dehkhoda, A. A. (1994). Dictionary of Dehkhoda. Tehran: University of Tehran (in Persian). - Fazeli, M., & Salehi, J. (2014). The gap between tourists' attitudes, knowledge and environmental behavior. Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 22, 161-137 (in Persian). - Frick, J., Kaiser, F. G., & Wilson, M. (2004). Environmental knowledge and conservation behavior: Exploring prevalence and structure in a representative sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(8), 1597-1613. - Geiger, S. M., Geiger, M., & Wilhelm, O. (2019). Environment-specific vs. general knowledge and their role in pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 718. - Sareban, V. H., & Toutakhane, A. M. (2019). Modeling the environmental knowledge of local communities in tourist villages case study: touristic road of Qaleh Chaei, Ajabshir County. Journal of Rural Development Strategies, 6(1). - Khoshfar, G., Salehi, S., Vesal, Z., & Abaszade, M. R. (2015). Evaluate the Social factors affecting environmental awareness of villagers (Case study: The Village-city of Jagharq in Binalud county). Journal of Rural Research, 6(1), 137-158 (in Persian). - Lin, S. T., & Niu, H. J. (2018). Green consumption: Environmental knowledge, environmental consciousness, social norms, and purchasing behavior. Journal of Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), 1679-1688. - Liu, P., Teng, M., & Han, C. (2020). How does environmental knowledge translate into pro-environmental behaviors?: The mediating role of environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions. Journal of Science of the Total Environment, 126-138. - Makhdoom, M. (1996). Sustainable Development. Journal of Jihad, 194, 3-10 (in Persian). - McBride, B. B., Brewer, C. A., Berkowitz, A. R., & Borrie, W. T. (2013). Environmental literacy, ecological literacy, ecoliteracy: What do we mean and how did we get here? Ecosphere, 4(5), 1-20 - Mikuła, A., Raczkowska, M., & Utzig, M. (2021). Pro-Environmental Behaviour in the European Union Countries. Energies, 14(18), 5689. - Mostafa, M. M. (2007). Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behaviour: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(3), 220-229. - Noori, H., & Norouzi, A. (2017). Fundamentals of Environmental Planning for Sustainable Rural Development. Isfahan: University of Isfahan Press (in Persian). - Pourtarery, M., Roknedin Eftekhari, A., & Rahmati, M. (2013). The Impacts of Legal Knowledge in Rural Social Welfare (A Case: Study of Western Mian Kohe, Country area Poldokhtar-Lorestan Province-Iran). Journal of Geography and Planning, 16(42), 45-63. - Riahi, V., Javan, F., & Dehghani, N. (2017). Analysis of the viewpoint of training the villagers to protect the environment of rural areas (Case Study: Rezvanshahr city). Journal of Human and Environment, 14(39), 67-78 (in Persian). - Salehi, S. (2012). Environmental Behvaior and Education. Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(2), 201-226 (in Persian). - Salehi, S., & Imam Gholi, L. (2012). Experimental study of the relationship between environmental awareness and behaviors (study of urban and rural areas of Sanandaj city). Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 1, 121-147 (in Persian). - Shakouei, H. (2011). New Thoughts in the Philosophy of Geography. Seventh Edition. Tehran: Gitashenasi Publication (in Persian). - Sojasi Qeidari, H., & Faal Jalali, A. (2018). Assessing the Villagers’ Environmental Behavior and Awareness (Case Study: Zanglanloo Rural District). Journal of Spatial Planning, 8(1), 29-50 (in Persian). - Sojasi Qeidary, H., & Azizi, S. (2016). Assessing Rural Farmers Environmental Literacy Level (Case Study: Villages of Zoeram Dehestan in Shirvan District). Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 27(3), 107-130 (in Persian). - Statistics Center of Iran (2016). General Census of Population and Housing in 2016, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. (n.p) (in Persian). - Webster (2022). Merriam-webster Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environment.

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University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 12 1 2022 04 21 Analysis of Indicators and Explanation of Strategies for Achieving Urban Intelligence: A Case Study of Isfahan Analysis of Indicators and Explanation of Strategies for Achieving Urban Intelligence: A Case Study of Isfahan 51 80 26564 10.22108/sppl.2022.131222.1621 FA Masoud Taghvaei Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Marjan Shafiei MA in Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 27 Abstract Problem Definition: Urbanization is now happening at an unprecedented rate. Continued population growth and urbanization are projected to add 2.5 billion to the world's urban population by 2050. Along with the physical progress in the cities of the world, finding solutions to problems in urban areas is very important. In response to inefficient and unsustainable patterns of urban growth, concepts such as urban intelligence have emerged forcing many planners to seek new ways to understand and pursue regional and large-scale spatial planning (Sciara, 2020, p. 1). It aims to improve the quality of life for residents in terms of personal, social, cultural, economic, environmental, and physiological aspects. In recent years, Iran’s metropolises, including Isfahan, have faced new challenges in terms of environmental sustainability, economic growth, population, and technological progress. As a result, today’s cities need integrated policies and innovative new methods to manage and improve the complexity of urban living conditions. It should be noted that the metropolis of Isfahan is facing many changes in the economic, social, managerial, etc. areas. The realization of intelligence can be provided by presenting appropriate solutions to reduce the cost of infrastructure and urban services, excessive use of cars, air pollution, water, etc. that helped managers and city officials. Therefore, in order to improve the city and its public services, there is a need for measures and tools that increase urban efficiency and performance. Urban planners need to implement smart solutions to strengthen the city’s competitiveness, improve environmental and economic efficiency, facilitate resilience, and emphasize this approach to energy production and distribution, transportation, waste management, and pollution control. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effective components in smartening the city of Isfahan. Methodology: This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. Data collection was done using both library and field methods and referring to documentary sources, articles, and related theories. After extracting and comparing the indicators in the approaches of scattered cities, compact cities, smart growth, electronic cities, and smart cities, important and common indicators for smartening in the form of 5 dimensions were developed including physical-spatial (8 items), environmental-ecological (5 items), economic (8 items), social (8 items), and managerial-political (8 items). Each of these dimensions has sub-criteria that form the basis of the present research. To achieve the objectives of the research (i.e. analysis of the main components of intelligence approaches and analysis of weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities to achieve intelligence in Isfahan), factor analysis and the SWOT model have been used. The statistical population of the study includes experts and trustees of Isfahan municipality, urban planning, intelligence, urban planning, and university professors. The sample size was selected based on the snowball sampling method of 60 people and a questionnaire was distributed among them. Results Analysis of the main components of smartening approaches in Isfahan The factor analysis method was used to identify the underlying dimensions of the research. By summarizing the variables in the form of new factors, their importance was categorized in order of importance and the main components in terms of smartening the city of Isfahan were prioritized over the research variables based on the opinions of experts and trustees. Finally, that managerial-economic, environmental-economic, physical, and social factors were recognized as the most important factors in the development of intelligence in Isfahan, and these factors explain 64% of the total variance. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of smartening in Isfahan metropolis and ways to improve it Regarding the existing weaknesses in order to achieve intelligence in the city of Isfahan, the lack of management in waste and urban recycling with a score of 0.656, is the most important weakness in the system that needs improvement in terms of planning. Analysis of external factors affecting the realization of intelligence in Isfahan Organizing public transportation with a score of 0.602 is an opportunity to realize the intelligence of the city of Isfahan. The unavailability of quality facilities and services with a score of 0.634, is considered the most important threat to the realization of intelligence. Urban planners emphasize that the importance of cities in the regional, national, or global economy is increasing. In this regard, with the aim of improving aspects such as quality of life and empowerment of citizens, urban intelligence is considered a conceptual scenario and urban planners are widely encouraged to implement smart solutions. The metropolis of Isfahan, the third most popular city in Iran and the fourteenth most popular city in the Middle East, needs to create perspectives to create a safe and sustainable environment for living and working in urban programs. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the main components of smartening approaches in Isfahan. The results of factor analysis based on the 37 variables show that the four factors of economic-managerial, economic-environmental, physical, and social aspects have the highest variance and are the most important components in the development of intelligence in Isfahan. Using the SWOT model, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of smartening in Isfahan were identified and relevant strategies were presented. Innovation: The concept of ‘Smartening cities’ is the ultimate form of approaches such as scattered cities, compact cities, smart growth, electronic cities, and smart cities which form and complement each other over time. In the present study, the common indicators of these theories were used to smarten Isfahan city. Keywords: Smartening Cities, Factor Analysis, SWOT, Isfahan. References - Abudu, D., Echima, R., & Andogah, G. (2019). Spatial assessment of urban sprawl in Arua Municipality, Uganda. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 22(3), 315-322. - Afzali Naniz, M., Modiri, M., & Farhoudi, R. (2018). Prioritization of indicators in the process of smartening cities (case study of Kerman). Quarterly Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 9(35), 11-30 (in Persian). - Ahad, M. A., Paiva, S., Tripathi, G., & Feroz, N. (2020). Enabling technologies and sustainable smart cities. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 1-11. - Artmann, M., Kohler, M., Meinel, G., Gan, J., & Ioja, I. (2017). How smart growth and green infrastructure can mutually support each other a conceptual framework for compact and green cities. Journal of Ecological Indicators, 1-12. - Azadkhani, P., Hosseinzadeh, J., & Ahmadi, Gh. (2019). Spatial analysis of smart urban growth indicators in Ilam. Quarterly Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, 29, 59-68 (in Persian). - Azani, M., & Parvaresh, R. (2018). Comparison of land use pattern, surface dispersion and smart growth in sustainable development (case study: District 11 of Isfahan). Quarterly Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, 7(25), 57-72 (in Persian). - Barba-Sánchez, V., Arias-Antúnez, E., & Orozco-Barbosa, L. (2020). Smart cities as a source for entrepreneurial opportunities: Evidence for Spain. Journal of Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 1-10. - B., Khamparia, A., Sagayam, K. M., Sharma, S. K., Ahad, M. A., & Debnath, N. C. (2020). Blockchain for smart cities: A review of architectures, integration trends and future research directions. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102360. - Clement, J., & Crutzen, N. (2021). How local policy priorities set the smart city agenda. Journal of Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 1-11. - De Guimaraes, J. C. F., Severo, E. A., Júnior, L. A. F., Da Costa, W. P. L. B., & Salmoria, F. T. (2020). Governance and quality of life in smart cities: Towards sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 1-13. - Deilami, K., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2017). Modelling the urban heat island effect of smart growth policy scenarios in Brisbane. Journal of Land Use Policy, 64, 38-55. - Deng, Y., Qi, W., Fu, B., & Wang, K. (2019). Geographical transformations of urban sprawl: Exploring the spatial heterogeneity across cities in China 1992–2015, Cities, 105, 1-13. - Duygan, M., Fischer, M., Parli, R., & Ingold, K. (2021). Where do smart cities grow? The spatial and socio-economic configurations of smart city development. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 1-36. - Heidari Kushkeno, M., & Almasi Sarvestani, R. (2020). Recognizing the components of smart citizen in urban environment with technological learning approach (case study of Yazd). Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management, 7(25), 59-76 (in Persian). - Gabriel, S. A., Faria, J. A., & Moglen, G. E. (2006). A multiobjective optimization approach to smart growth in land development. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 40(3), 212-248. - Gehrke, S. R., & Clifton, K. J. (2017). A pathway linking smart growth neighborhoods to home-based pedestrian travel. Journal of Travel Behavior and Society, 7, 52-62. - Grant, J., & Tsenkova, S. (2012). New urbanism and smart growth movements. Elsevier Ltd. - Gren, A., Colding, J., Berghauser-Pont, M., & Marcus, L. (2018). How smart is smart growth? Examining the environmental validation behind city compaction. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 48(6), 580-589. - Hadi Biglou, H., Sarvar, R., & Nouri, A. (2018). Explain the feasibility of good urban governance with emphasis on smart location; Case Study of Tehran. Journal of Urban Management, 52, 189-204 (in Persian). - Hosseini, H., & Ghadami, M. (2013). Analysis of Sabzevar spatial physical development pattern. Journal of Geographical Space Quarterly, 13(44), 219-240 (in Persian). - Hosseinikhah, H., & Varesi, H. (2019). Smart urban growth with emphasis on TDR method to provide urban services (case study: Yasuj city). Quarterly Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 9(32), 99-124 (in Persian). - Lee, J., & Lim, S. (2018). The selection of compact city policy instruments and their effects on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector: The case of South Korea. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 37, 116-124. - Li, X., Fong, P. S., Dai, Sh., & Li, Y. (2019). Towards sustainable smart cities: An empirical comparative assessment and development pattern optimization in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 730-743. - Lom, M., & Pribyl, O. (2021). Smart city model based on systems theory. International Journal of Information Management, 56, 1-11. - Ma, S., Zhao, Y., & Tan, X. (2020). Exploring smart growth boundaries of urban agglomeration with land use spatial optimization: A case study of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city group, China. Journal of Chinese Geographical Science, 30(4), 665-676. - Macke, J., Sarate, J. A. R., & de Atayde Moschen, A. (2019). Smart sustainable cities evaluation and sense of community. Journal of Cleaner Production, 239, 1-8. - Mattoni, B., Pompei, L., Losilla, J. C., & Bisegna, F. (2020). Planning smart cities: Comparison of two quantitative multi-criteria methods applied to real case studies. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 60, 1-29. - Mendonca, R., Roebeling, P., Martins, F., Fidelis, T., Teotonio, C., Alves, H., & Rocha, J. (2020). Assessing economic instruments to steer urban residential sprawl, using a hedonic pricing simulation modelling approach. Journal of Land Use Policy, 92, 104458. - Molaei, M., Shah Hassani, G., & Dabbachi, S. (2016). Explaining and analyzing how smart cities are in the context of key components and influential factors. Naghsh Jahan Research Quarterly, (3-6), 93-75 (in Persian). - Mouratidis, K. (2019). Compact city, urban sprawl, and subjective well-being. Cities, 92, 261-272. - Nastaran, M., & Farzaneh, P. (2019). Development and validation of criteria and indicators of smart city development (case study: district three of Isfahan). Journal of Geography and Urban Space Development, 6(1), 147-164 (in Persian). - Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., & Scorrano, F. (2014). Current trends in smart city initiatives: Some stylised facts. Cities, 38, 25-36. - Pašalić, I. N., Ćukušić, M., & Jadrić, M. (2020). Smart city research advances in Southeast Europe. International Journal of Information Management, 58, 1-11. - Pearsall, H. (2017). Staying cool in the compact city: Vacant land and urban heating in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Journal of Applied Geography, 79, 84-92. - Poorahmad, A., Ziari, K., Hatami Nejad, H., & Parsa Pashabadi, Sh. (2018). Explaining the concept and characteristics of the smart city. Bagh-e Nazar, 15(15) 5-26 (in Persian). - Prasad, D., & Alizadeh, T. (2020). What makes Indian cities smart? A policy analysis of smart cities mission. Journal of Telematics and Informatics, 55, 1-32. - Quijano-Sanchez, L., Cantador, I., Cortés-Cediel, M., & Gil, O. (2020). Recommender systems for smart cities. Journal of Information Systems, 92, 1-22. - Rahnama, M., Hosseini, M., & Mohammadi Hamidi, S. (2021). Assessment and evaluation of smart city indicators in Ahvaz metropolis. Journal of Human Geography Research, 52(2), 589-611 (in Persian). - Rezaei Bazanjani, R., Azani, M., Saberi, H., & Momeni, M. (2019). Strategic planning of Kerman urban areas based on smart urban growth. Journal of Geography (Regional Planning), 10(1), 157-179 (in Persian). - Richter, B., & Behnisch, M. (2019). Integrated evaluation framework for environmental planning in the context of compact green cities. Journal of Ecological Indicators, 96, 38-53. - Riggs, Chamberlain, F. (2018). The TOD and smart growth implications of the LA adaptive reuse ordinance. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 1-45. - Rokanuddin Eftekhari, A., Portaheri, M., & Adinehvand, E. (2021). Assessing the level of intelligent growth pattern in rural areas of Tehran. Journal of Spatial Planning, 24(1), 108-181 (in Persian). - Sciara, G. (2020). Implementing regional smart growth without regional authority: The limits of information for nudging local land use. Cities, 103, 1-10. - Sha, F., Li, B., Law, Y. W., & Yip, P. S. (2019). Associations between commuting and well-being in the context of a compact city with a well-developed public transport system. Journal of Transport and Health, 13, 103-114. - Shahbazi, M., Chobgin, H., & Nohesara, M. (2013). Electronic city (Concept to Application). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(3), 889-909. - Sharifi, A. (2020). A typology of smart city assessment tools and indicator sets. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 53, 1-37. - Shokri Yazdanabad, Sh., & Behzadfar, M. (2019). Reduction of environmental problems in organic and old contexts with the smart city approach (literature review and construction of field studies framework using network analysis technique (ANP). Journal of Urban Management, 54, 128-115. - Susanti, R., Soetomo, S., Buchori, I., & Brotosunaryo, P. (2016). Smart growth, smart city and density: in search of the appropriate indicator for residential density in Indonesia. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 227, 194-201. - Taghvaei, M., & Ali Akbari, A. (2018). Assessing the level of satisfaction with organizational housing in Isfahan, Geography. Quarterly Journal of the Iranian Geographical Association, 16, 59 (in Persian). - Balideh, A., & Rahimi, H. (2020). An analysis of the importance of environmental quality components from the perspective of tourists (Case study: Isfahan metropolis). Journal of Urban and Regional Sustainable Development Studies, 1(1), 21-31 (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., Hosseinikhah, H., & Shakermi, K. (2019). Assessing and evaluating the factors affecting the realization of e-city and spatial analysis of digital divide in medium-sized cities (Case study: Yasuj city). Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 17(1), 125-154 (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., & Kiomarsi, H. (2012). Application of techniques and models in tourism planning and management. Isfahan: Moazami Publication (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., Varesi, H., & Khayyam Bashi, E. (2019). Isfahan Metropolis Resilience Prediction Model in Crises and Unexpected Events. Journal of Geographical Research Quarterly, 35(1), 20-30 (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., Varesi, H., & Narimani, M. (2015). Physical development strategy and sustainable shape of Isfahan city with the approach of smart growth and intensive city. Journal of Urban Management, 41, 339-358 (in Persian). - Tappert, S., Klöti, T., & Drilling, M. (2018). Contested urban green spaces in the compact city: The (re-)negotiation of urban gardening in Swiss cities. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 170, 69-78. - The Smart Growth Network (www.smartgrowth.org/about). - Trindade Neves, F., Castro Neto, M., & Aparicio, M, (2020). The impacts of open data initiatives on smart cities: A framework for evaluation and monitoring. Cities, 106, 1-15. - Ylipulli, J., & Luusua, A. (2020). Smart cities with a Nordic twist? Public sector digitalization in Finnish data-rich cities. Journal of Telematics and Informatics, 55, 1-18. - Zanganeh Shahraki, S., Khodabandeh Lou, H., & Abbasi Fallah, V. (2015). An Analysis of the Role of Intelligent Urban Growth in Strengthening Neighborhood Identity. Urban-Regional, 29, 214-201 (in Persian). Abstract Problem Definition: Urbanization is now happening at an unprecedented rate. Continued population growth and urbanization are projected to add 2.5 billion to the world's urban population by 2050. Along with the physical progress in the cities of the world, finding solutions to problems in urban areas is very important. In response to inefficient and unsustainable patterns of urban growth, concepts such as urban intelligence have emerged forcing many planners to seek new ways to understand and pursue regional and large-scale spatial planning (Sciara, 2020, p. 1). It aims to improve the quality of life for residents in terms of personal, social, cultural, economic, environmental, and physiological aspects. In recent years, Iran’s metropolises, including Isfahan, have faced new challenges in terms of environmental sustainability, economic growth, population, and technological progress. As a result, today’s cities need integrated policies and innovative new methods to manage and improve the complexity of urban living conditions. It should be noted that the metropolis of Isfahan is facing many changes in the economic, social, managerial, etc. areas. The realization of intelligence can be provided by presenting appropriate solutions to reduce the cost of infrastructure and urban services, excessive use of cars, air pollution, water, etc. that helped managers and city officials. Therefore, in order to improve the city and its public services, there is a need for measures and tools that increase urban efficiency and performance. Urban planners need to implement smart solutions to strengthen the city’s competitiveness, improve environmental and economic efficiency, facilitate resilience, and emphasize this approach to energy production and distribution, transportation, waste management, and pollution control. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effective components in smartening the city of Isfahan. Methodology: This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. Data collection was done using both library and field methods and referring to documentary sources, articles, and related theories. After extracting and comparing the indicators in the approaches of scattered cities, compact cities, smart growth, electronic cities, and smart cities, important and common indicators for smartening in the form of 5 dimensions were developed including physical-spatial (8 items), environmental-ecological (5 items), economic (8 items), social (8 items), and managerial-political (8 items). Each of these dimensions has sub-criteria that form the basis of the present research. To achieve the objectives of the research (i.e. analysis of the main components of intelligence approaches and analysis of weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities to achieve intelligence in Isfahan), factor analysis and the SWOT model have been used. The statistical population of the study includes experts and trustees of Isfahan municipality, urban planning, intelligence, urban planning, and university professors. The sample size was selected based on the snowball sampling method of 60 people and a questionnaire was distributed among them. Results Analysis of the main components of smartening approaches in Isfahan The factor analysis method was used to identify the underlying dimensions of the research. By summarizing the variables in the form of new factors, their importance was categorized in order of importance and the main components in terms of smartening the city of Isfahan were prioritized over the research variables based on the opinions of experts and trustees. Finally, that managerial-economic, environmental-economic, physical, and social factors were recognized as the most important factors in the development of intelligence in Isfahan, and these factors explain 64% of the total variance. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of smartening in Isfahan metropolis and ways to improve it Regarding the existing weaknesses in order to achieve intelligence in the city of Isfahan, the lack of management in waste and urban recycling with a score of 0.656, is the most important weakness in the system that needs improvement in terms of planning. Analysis of external factors affecting the realization of intelligence in Isfahan Organizing public transportation with a score of 0.602 is an opportunity to realize the intelligence of the city of Isfahan. The unavailability of quality facilities and services with a score of 0.634, is considered the most important threat to the realization of intelligence. Urban planners emphasize that the importance of cities in the regional, national, or global economy is increasing. In this regard, with the aim of improving aspects such as quality of life and empowerment of citizens, urban intelligence is considered a conceptual scenario and urban planners are widely encouraged to implement smart solutions. The metropolis of Isfahan, the third most popular city in Iran and the fourteenth most popular city in the Middle East, needs to create perspectives to create a safe and sustainable environment for living and working in urban programs. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the main components of smartening approaches in Isfahan. The results of factor analysis based on the 37 variables show that the four factors of economic-managerial, economic-environmental, physical, and social aspects have the highest variance and are the most important components in the development of intelligence in Isfahan. Using the SWOT model, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of smartening in Isfahan were identified and relevant strategies were presented. Innovation: The concept of ‘Smartening cities’ is the ultimate form of approaches such as scattered cities, compact cities, smart growth, electronic cities, and smart cities which form and complement each other over time. In the present study, the common indicators of these theories were used to smarten Isfahan city. Keywords: Smartening Cities, Factor Analysis, SWOT, Isfahan. References - Abudu, D., Echima, R., & Andogah, G. (2019). Spatial assessment of urban sprawl in Arua Municipality, Uganda. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 22(3), 315-322. - Afzali Naniz, M., Modiri, M., & Farhoudi, R. (2018). Prioritization of indicators in the process of smartening cities (case study of Kerman). Quarterly Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 9(35), 11-30 (in Persian). - Ahad, M. A., Paiva, S., Tripathi, G., & Feroz, N. (2020). Enabling technologies and sustainable smart cities. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 1-11. - Artmann, M., Kohler, M., Meinel, G., Gan, J., & Ioja, I. (2017). How smart growth and green infrastructure can mutually support each other a conceptual framework for compact and green cities. Journal of Ecological Indicators, 1-12. - Azadkhani, P., Hosseinzadeh, J., & Ahmadi, Gh. (2019). Spatial analysis of smart urban growth indicators in Ilam. Quarterly Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, 29, 59-68 (in Persian). - Azani, M., & Parvaresh, R. (2018). Comparison of land use pattern, surface dispersion and smart growth in sustainable development (case study: District 11 of Isfahan). Quarterly Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, 7(25), 57-72 (in Persian). - Barba-Sánchez, V., Arias-Antúnez, E., & Orozco-Barbosa, L. (2020). Smart cities as a source for entrepreneurial opportunities: Evidence for Spain. Journal of Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148, 1-10. - B., Khamparia, A., Sagayam, K. M., Sharma, S. K., Ahad, M. A., & Debnath, N. C. (2020). Blockchain for smart cities: A review of architectures, integration trends and future research directions. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102360. - Clement, J., & Crutzen, N. (2021). How local policy priorities set the smart city agenda. Journal of Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 1-11. - De Guimaraes, J. C. F., Severo, E. A., Júnior, L. A. F., Da Costa, W. P. L. B., & Salmoria, F. T. (2020). Governance and quality of life in smart cities: Towards sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 1-13. - Deilami, K., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2017). Modelling the urban heat island effect of smart growth policy scenarios in Brisbane. Journal of Land Use Policy, 64, 38-55. - Deng, Y., Qi, W., Fu, B., & Wang, K. (2019). Geographical transformations of urban sprawl: Exploring the spatial heterogeneity across cities in China 1992–2015, Cities, 105, 1-13. - Duygan, M., Fischer, M., Parli, R., & Ingold, K. (2021). Where do smart cities grow? The spatial and socio-economic configurations of smart city development. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 1-36. - Heidari Kushkeno, M., & Almasi Sarvestani, R. (2020). Recognizing the components of smart citizen in urban environment with technological learning approach (case study of Yazd). Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management, 7(25), 59-76 (in Persian). - Gabriel, S. A., Faria, J. A., & Moglen, G. E. (2006). A multiobjective optimization approach to smart growth in land development. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 40(3), 212-248. - Gehrke, S. R., & Clifton, K. J. (2017). A pathway linking smart growth neighborhoods to home-based pedestrian travel. Journal of Travel Behavior and Society, 7, 52-62. - Grant, J., & Tsenkova, S. (2012). New urbanism and smart growth movements. Elsevier Ltd. - Gren, A., Colding, J., Berghauser-Pont, M., & Marcus, L. (2018). How smart is smart growth? Examining the environmental validation behind city compaction. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 48(6), 580-589. - Hadi Biglou, H., Sarvar, R., & Nouri, A. (2018). Explain the feasibility of good urban governance with emphasis on smart location; Case Study of Tehran. Journal of Urban Management, 52, 189-204 (in Persian). - Hosseini, H., & Ghadami, M. (2013). Analysis of Sabzevar spatial physical development pattern. Journal of Geographical Space Quarterly, 13(44), 219-240 (in Persian). - Hosseinikhah, H., & Varesi, H. (2019). Smart urban growth with emphasis on TDR method to provide urban services (case study: Yasuj city). Quarterly Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 9(32), 99-124 (in Persian). - Lee, J., & Lim, S. (2018). The selection of compact city policy instruments and their effects on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector: The case of South Korea. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 37, 116-124. - Li, X., Fong, P. S., Dai, Sh., & Li, Y. (2019). Towards sustainable smart cities: An empirical comparative assessment and development pattern optimization in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 730-743. - Lom, M., & Pribyl, O. (2021). Smart city model based on systems theory. International Journal of Information Management, 56, 1-11. - Ma, S., Zhao, Y., & Tan, X. (2020). Exploring smart growth boundaries of urban agglomeration with land use spatial optimization: A case study of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city group, China. Journal of Chinese Geographical Science, 30(4), 665-676. - Macke, J., Sarate, J. A. R., & de Atayde Moschen, A. (2019). Smart sustainable cities evaluation and sense of community. Journal of Cleaner Production, 239, 1-8. - Mattoni, B., Pompei, L., Losilla, J. C., & Bisegna, F. (2020). Planning smart cities: Comparison of two quantitative multi-criteria methods applied to real case studies. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 60, 1-29. - Mendonca, R., Roebeling, P., Martins, F., Fidelis, T., Teotonio, C., Alves, H., & Rocha, J. (2020). Assessing economic instruments to steer urban residential sprawl, using a hedonic pricing simulation modelling approach. Journal of Land Use Policy, 92, 104458. - Molaei, M., Shah Hassani, G., & Dabbachi, S. (2016). Explaining and analyzing how smart cities are in the context of key components and influential factors. Naghsh Jahan Research Quarterly, (3-6), 93-75 (in Persian). - Mouratidis, K. (2019). Compact city, urban sprawl, and subjective well-being. Cities, 92, 261-272. - Nastaran, M., & Farzaneh, P. (2019). Development and validation of criteria and indicators of smart city development (case study: district three of Isfahan). Journal of Geography and Urban Space Development, 6(1), 147-164 (in Persian). - Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., & Scorrano, F. (2014). Current trends in smart city initiatives: Some stylised facts. Cities, 38, 25-36. - Pašalić, I. N., Ćukušić, M., & Jadrić, M. (2020). Smart city research advances in Southeast Europe. International Journal of Information Management, 58, 1-11. - Pearsall, H. (2017). Staying cool in the compact city: Vacant land and urban heating in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Journal of Applied Geography, 79, 84-92. - Poorahmad, A., Ziari, K., Hatami Nejad, H., & Parsa Pashabadi, Sh. (2018). Explaining the concept and characteristics of the smart city. Bagh-e Nazar, 15(15) 5-26 (in Persian). - Prasad, D., & Alizadeh, T. (2020). What makes Indian cities smart? A policy analysis of smart cities mission. Journal of Telematics and Informatics, 55, 1-32. - Quijano-Sanchez, L., Cantador, I., Cortés-Cediel, M., & Gil, O. (2020). Recommender systems for smart cities. Journal of Information Systems, 92, 1-22. - Rahnama, M., Hosseini, M., & Mohammadi Hamidi, S. (2021). Assessment and evaluation of smart city indicators in Ahvaz metropolis. Journal of Human Geography Research, 52(2), 589-611 (in Persian). - Rezaei Bazanjani, R., Azani, M., Saberi, H., & Momeni, M. (2019). Strategic planning of Kerman urban areas based on smart urban growth. Journal of Geography (Regional Planning), 10(1), 157-179 (in Persian). - Richter, B., & Behnisch, M. (2019). Integrated evaluation framework for environmental planning in the context of compact green cities. Journal of Ecological Indicators, 96, 38-53. - Riggs, Chamberlain, F. (2018). The TOD and smart growth implications of the LA adaptive reuse ordinance. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 1-45. - Rokanuddin Eftekhari, A., Portaheri, M., & Adinehvand, E. (2021). Assessing the level of intelligent growth pattern in rural areas of Tehran. Journal of Spatial Planning, 24(1), 108-181 (in Persian). - Sciara, G. (2020). Implementing regional smart growth without regional authority: The limits of information for nudging local land use. Cities, 103, 1-10. - Sha, F., Li, B., Law, Y. W., & Yip, P. S. (2019). Associations between commuting and well-being in the context of a compact city with a well-developed public transport system. Journal of Transport and Health, 13, 103-114. - Shahbazi, M., Chobgin, H., & Nohesara, M. (2013). Electronic city (Concept to Application). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(3), 889-909. - Sharifi, A. (2020). A typology of smart city assessment tools and indicator sets. Journal of Sustainable Cities and Society, 53, 1-37. - Shokri Yazdanabad, Sh., & Behzadfar, M. (2019). Reduction of environmental problems in organic and old contexts with the smart city approach (literature review and construction of field studies framework using network analysis technique (ANP). Journal of Urban Management, 54, 128-115. - Susanti, R., Soetomo, S., Buchori, I., & Brotosunaryo, P. (2016). Smart growth, smart city and density: in search of the appropriate indicator for residential density in Indonesia. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 227, 194-201. - Taghvaei, M., & Ali Akbari, A. (2018). Assessing the level of satisfaction with organizational housing in Isfahan, Geography. Quarterly Journal of the Iranian Geographical Association, 16, 59 (in Persian). - Balideh, A., & Rahimi, H. (2020). An analysis of the importance of environmental quality components from the perspective of tourists (Case study: Isfahan metropolis). Journal of Urban and Regional Sustainable Development Studies, 1(1), 21-31 (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., Hosseinikhah, H., & Shakermi, K. (2019). Assessing and evaluating the factors affecting the realization of e-city and spatial analysis of digital divide in medium-sized cities (Case study: Yasuj city). Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 17(1), 125-154 (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., & Kiomarsi, H. (2012). Application of techniques and models in tourism planning and management. Isfahan: Moazami Publication (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., Varesi, H., & Khayyam Bashi, E. (2019). Isfahan Metropolis Resilience Prediction Model in Crises and Unexpected Events. Journal of Geographical Research Quarterly, 35(1), 20-30 (in Persian). - Taghvaei, M., Varesi, H., & Narimani, M. (2015). Physical development strategy and sustainable shape of Isfahan city with the approach of smart growth and intensive city. Journal of Urban Management, 41, 339-358 (in Persian). - Tappert, S., Klöti, T., & Drilling, M. (2018). Contested urban green spaces in the compact city: The (re-)negotiation of urban gardening in Swiss cities. Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, 170, 69-78. - The Smart Growth Network (www.smartgrowth.org/about). - Trindade Neves, F., Castro Neto, M., & Aparicio, M, (2020). The impacts of open data initiatives on smart cities: A framework for evaluation and monitoring. Cities, 106, 1-15. - Ylipulli, J., & Luusua, A. (2020). Smart cities with a Nordic twist? Public sector digitalization in Finnish data-rich cities. Journal of Telematics and Informatics, 55, 1-18. - Zanganeh Shahraki, S., Khodabandeh Lou, H., & Abbasi Fallah, V. (2015). An Analysis of the Role of Intelligent Urban Growth in Strengthening Neighborhood Identity. Urban-Regional, 29, 214-201 (in Persian).

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_26564_62ccb0044dd7e26e54e7d1483f15343d.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 12 1 2022 04 21 The Ordering Analysis of Waterways Drainage Basins of Iran The Ordering Analysis of Waterways Drainage Basins of Iran 81 98 26615 10.22108/sppl.2022.131181.1619 FA Gholam Hassan Jafari Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Kazhal Qafoori MA, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 25 Introduction Physiography is a part of earth science studies in which the physical characteristics of the drainage basin such as area, perimeter and relief, slope, direction, etc. are studied. The studies that examine the physical characteristics and shape of a basin are called Physiography. Knowledge of the physiographic characteristics of a basin along with information about the climatic conditions of the region can provide us with a relatively accurate image of the quantitative and qualitative function of the hydrological system of that basin (Pitlick, 1994). The increase in the rank of waterways in a drainage basin is under the influence of various geomorphological, geological, and climatological ecosystems and contexts. In dealing with open systems, the researchers’ assumption is usually on the effectiveness of specific and accessible vectors and the evaluation of the system's behavior in relation to those vectors. The area of study in this research includes Iran. Iran with an area of about 1648195 square kilometers is approximately located between 25-40 degrees north latitude and 44-64 degrees east longitude. Materials and Methods In this study, the accuracy of physiographic relationships in the basins was discussed. The existing relationships and the connection between them represent the relation of physiographic characteristics of the basin. In dealing with open systems, the researchers’ assumption is usually on the effectiveness of specific and accessible vectors and the evaluation of the system's behavior in relation to those vectors. Accordingly, in this study, the increase in the rank of the waterways drainage basin of Iran in the form of 984 sub-basins was investigated in terms of the bifurcation ratio, total length of waterways, the total average of waterways, and basin area. The relation between the equal rank of waterway and drainage basin area and also the relation between specific retention constant and slope and drainage density are among the physiographic characteristics of the drainage basin that were evaluated in this study. For this purpose, first, the layer of main rivers and waterways was prepared from DEM 30*30 extracted from the SRTM satellite. After extraction of the waterway in Arc GIS 10.3 software, Iran's rivers were ranked based on the Horton-Strahler theory. The relation between the equal rank of waterway and drainage basin area and also the relation between specific retention constant and slope and drainage density are among the physiographic characteristics of the drainage basin that were evaluated in this essay. Discussion In the drainage basin of Iran, a regression equation was established between the ‘area’ as an independent variable and the sum of flow ranks as a dependent variable, and the obtained equation responded positively to this hypothesis with a favorable level of significance. The amount of the explanation coefficient of most sub-basins is more than 0.99, which indicates the great effectiveness of the expanse of the basins on the sum of the ranks of rivers flow. The lowest explanation coefficient is in the Abarkooh-Sirjan basin (0.89) and then in Dar-Anjir Desert sub-basins (0.92) (probably due to the basins being dry and playa), Aras (due to having just one bank) And Haraz-Qarah Su (0.96), and Sefidrud-Haraz (0.97) (due to the different climate of the basins), respectively. The bifurcation ratio has an inverse relationship with the ranks so that as the waterway rank increases, the bifurcation ratio coefficient decreases. The highest percentage belongs to the Sefidrud-Haraz (82%), Gavkhouni 72%), and Namak Lake (62%) basins. The common feature of the three basins is that their final drain is located in a corner of the basin and not in the center. Siahkuh Desert sub-basins (35%), Bandar Abbas-Sadich (36%), Karkheh and Abarkooh-Sirjan (37%) have the lowest frequency percentage of high ranks. In the drainage basin, a regression equation was established between the area and equal ranks according to their frequency. In this equation, the area was the independent variable and the bifurcation ratio was the dependent variable and according to the level of significance obtained from the equation, the drainage basin responded positively to the hypothesis. Basins with smaller areas also had smaller bifurcation ratios. The highest explanation coefficients belong to Qarah-Su- Gorganrood (99%) and Dur-Anjir Desert (98%) sub-basins, and the lowest explanation coefficients belong to Sefidrud and Hamun-e Jaz-Murian (50%), Hamun-e Mashekl (54%), Urmia (59), and Helleh (62%) sub-basins. The flow length of each rank is measured and categorized in all basins. The prevailing result is the existence of a negative relationship between total flow length and rank. A regression equation was established between retention constant and slope, and regression equations were estimated with a positive procedure. In this examination, the slope was considered the independent variable and the retention constant was considered the dependent variable. Some basins were excluded from the examination, most likely due to the topographic and lithological effects of the basins that have changed the specific retention constant. Basins may be more expanded in the mound area, reducing drainage density in these areas. Even among the basins where acceptable regression equations have been obtained, the explanations coefficient varied between 50% (Hamun-Helmand, Abarkooh-Sirjan, Sefidrud) up to a maximum of 79% (Gavkhouni) and most of them had been between 50% and 60%. Conclusion There is a direct relationship between the two parameters that is, the sum of the rank of waterways in a drainage basin and the area of the drainage basin of Iran so that in most drainage basins the explanation coefficient of these two parameters is estimated to be 99%. In the drainage basin of Iran, the amount of the explanation coefficient of the bifurcation ratio and increasing the rank of rivers varies from 35% in the Siahkuh Desert basin to 82% in the Sefidrud drainage basin. The area of the basin with a 99% explanation coefficient may affect the bifurcation ratio. In some basins of Iran that have active tectonics or rivers are captured or diverted, sometimes the flow length is fewer in the lower ranks than in the higher ranks. Provided that the topography of the basin is balanced over time, by increasing the rank of waterways, the flow length average increases in the same rank. The assumption that as much as the retention constant of the basin increases then the drainage density of the basin decreases, can be generalized in most of the drainage basins of Iran with an explanation coefficient higher than 90%. Keywords: Physiography, Specific Retention, River Ranking, Drainage Basin. References - Ali, U., & Ali, S. A. (2014). Analysis of drainage morphometry and watershed prioritization of Romushi-Sasar catchment, Kashmir valley, India using remote sensing and GIS technology. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(12), 5-23. - Elmi Zadeh, H., Mah Peykar, O., & Sadatmand, M. (2014). Investigation of fractal theory in river geomorphology (case study: Zarrineh River). Journal of Quantitative Geomorphological Research, 3(2), 130-141 (in Persian). - Hack, J. T. (1975). Dynamic equilibrium and landscape evolution. Theories of Landform Development, 1, 87-102. - Horton, R. E. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins; hydro physical approach to quantitative morphology. Journal of Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56(3), 275-370. - Lanzoni, S., Ferdousi, A., & Tambroni, N. (2017). River banks and channel axis curvature: Effects on the longitudinal dispersion in alluvial rivers. Journal of Advances in Water Resources, 113, 55-72. - Nautiyal, M. D. (1994). Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin using aerial photographs: A case study of Khairkuli Basin, District Dehradun, UP. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 22(4), 251-261. - Oruonye, E. D., Ezekiel, B. B., Atiku, H. G., Baba, E., & Musa, N. I. (2016). Drainage basin morphometric parameters of River Lamurde: Implication for hydrologic and geomorphic processes. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 5(2), 1-11. - Perasad, G. (2009). Trends and techniques of geomorphology. Translated by Mehran Maghsoudi and Mohammad Taher Khani. Tehran: Selected Publications (in Persian). - Pitlick, J. (1994). Relation between peak flows, precipitation, and physiography for five mountainous regions in the western USA. Journal of Hydrology, 158(3-4), 219-240. - Raj, P. N., & Azeez, P. A. (2012). Morphometric analysis of a tropical medium river system: A case from Bharathapuzha River Southern India. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology, 2(4), 91-98. - Schumm, S. A. (1956). Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 67(5), 597-646. - Singh, V., & Singh, U. C. (2011). Basin Morphometry of Maingra River, district Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 1(4), 891-902. - Wang, G., Gertner, G., Fang, S., & Anderson, A. B. (2003). Mapping multiple variables for predicting soil loss by geostatistical methods with TM images and a slope map. Journal of Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(8), 889-898. Introduction Physiography is a part of earth science studies in which the physical characteristics of the drainage basin such as area, perimeter and relief, slope, direction, etc. are studied. The studies that examine the physical characteristics and shape of a basin are called Physiography. Knowledge of the physiographic characteristics of a basin along with information about the climatic conditions of the region can provide us with a relatively accurate image of the quantitative and qualitative function of the hydrological system of that basin (Pitlick, 1994). The increase in the rank of waterways in a drainage basin is under the influence of various geomorphological, geological, and climatological ecosystems and contexts. In dealing with open systems, the researchers’ assumption is usually on the effectiveness of specific and accessible vectors and the evaluation of the system's behavior in relation to those vectors. The area of study in this research includes Iran. Iran with an area of about 1648195 square kilometers is approximately located between 25-40 degrees north latitude and 44-64 degrees east longitude. Materials and Methods In this study, the accuracy of physiographic relationships in the basins was discussed. The existing relationships and the connection between them represent the relation of physiographic characteristics of the basin. In dealing with open systems, the researchers’ assumption is usually on the effectiveness of specific and accessible vectors and the evaluation of the system's behavior in relation to those vectors. Accordingly, in this study, the increase in the rank of the waterways drainage basin of Iran in the form of 984 sub-basins was investigated in terms of the bifurcation ratio, total length of waterways, the total average of waterways, and basin area. The relation between the equal rank of waterway and drainage basin area and also the relation between specific retention constant and slope and drainage density are among the physiographic characteristics of the drainage basin that were evaluated in this study. For this purpose, first, the layer of main rivers and waterways was prepared from DEM 30*30 extracted from the SRTM satellite. After extraction of the waterway in Arc GIS 10.3 software, Iran's rivers were ranked based on the Horton-Strahler theory. The relation between the equal rank of waterway and drainage basin area and also the relation between specific retention constant and slope and drainage density are among the physiographic characteristics of the drainage basin that were evaluated in this essay. Discussion In the drainage basin of Iran, a regression equation was established between the ‘area’ as an independent variable and the sum of flow ranks as a dependent variable, and the obtained equation responded positively to this hypothesis with a favorable level of significance. The amount of the explanation coefficient of most sub-basins is more than 0.99, which indicates the great effectiveness of the expanse of the basins on the sum of the ranks of rivers flow. The lowest explanation coefficient is in the Abarkooh-Sirjan basin (0.89) and then in Dar-Anjir Desert sub-basins (0.92) (probably due to the basins being dry and playa), Aras (due to having just one bank) And Haraz-Qarah Su (0.96), and Sefidrud-Haraz (0.97) (due to the different climate of the basins), respectively. The bifurcation ratio has an inverse relationship with the ranks so that as the waterway rank increases, the bifurcation ratio coefficient decreases. The highest percentage belongs to the Sefidrud-Haraz (82%), Gavkhouni 72%), and Namak Lake (62%) basins. The common feature of the three basins is that their final drain is located in a corner of the basin and not in the center. Siahkuh Desert sub-basins (35%), Bandar Abbas-Sadich (36%), Karkheh and Abarkooh-Sirjan (37%) have the lowest frequency percentage of high ranks. In the drainage basin, a regression equation was established between the area and equal ranks according to their frequency. In this equation, the area was the independent variable and the bifurcation ratio was the dependent variable and according to the level of significance obtained from the equation, the drainage basin responded positively to the hypothesis. Basins with smaller areas also had smaller bifurcation ratios. The highest explanation coefficients belong to Qarah-Su- Gorganrood (99%) and Dur-Anjir Desert (98%) sub-basins, and the lowest explanation coefficients belong to Sefidrud and Hamun-e Jaz-Murian (50%), Hamun-e Mashekl (54%), Urmia (59), and Helleh (62%) sub-basins. The flow length of each rank is measured and categorized in all basins. The prevailing result is the existence of a negative relationship between total flow length and rank. A regression equation was established between retention constant and slope, and regression equations were estimated with a positive procedure. In this examination, the slope was considered the independent variable and the retention constant was considered the dependent variable. Some basins were excluded from the examination, most likely due to the topographic and lithological effects of the basins that have changed the specific retention constant. Basins may be more expanded in the mound area, reducing drainage density in these areas. Even among the basins where acceptable regression equations have been obtained, the explanations coefficient varied between 50% (Hamun-Helmand, Abarkooh-Sirjan, Sefidrud) up to a maximum of 79% (Gavkhouni) and most of them had been between 50% and 60%. Conclusion There is a direct relationship between the two parameters that is, the sum of the rank of waterways in a drainage basin and the area of the drainage basin of Iran so that in most drainage basins the explanation coefficient of these two parameters is estimated to be 99%. In the drainage basin of Iran, the amount of the explanation coefficient of the bifurcation ratio and increasing the rank of rivers varies from 35% in the Siahkuh Desert basin to 82% in the Sefidrud drainage basin. The area of the basin with a 99% explanation coefficient may affect the bifurcation ratio. In some basins of Iran that have active tectonics or rivers are captured or diverted, sometimes the flow length is fewer in the lower ranks than in the higher ranks. Provided that the topography of the basin is balanced over time, by increasing the rank of waterways, the flow length average increases in the same rank. The assumption that as much as the retention constant of the basin increases then the drainage density of the basin decreases, can be generalized in most of the drainage basins of Iran with an explanation coefficient higher than 90%. Keywords: Physiography, Specific Retention, River Ranking, Drainage Basin. References - Ali, U., & Ali, S. A. (2014). Analysis of drainage morphometry and watershed prioritization of Romushi-Sasar catchment, Kashmir valley, India using remote sensing and GIS technology. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(12), 5-23. - Elmi Zadeh, H., Mah Peykar, O., & Sadatmand, M. (2014). Investigation of fractal theory in river geomorphology (case study: Zarrineh River). Journal of Quantitative Geomorphological Research, 3(2), 130-141 (in Persian). - Hack, J. T. (1975). Dynamic equilibrium and landscape evolution. Theories of Landform Development, 1, 87-102. - Horton, R. E. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins; hydro physical approach to quantitative morphology. Journal of Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56(3), 275-370. - Lanzoni, S., Ferdousi, A., & Tambroni, N. (2017). River banks and channel axis curvature: Effects on the longitudinal dispersion in alluvial rivers. Journal of Advances in Water Resources, 113, 55-72. - Nautiyal, M. D. (1994). Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin using aerial photographs: A case study of Khairkuli Basin, District Dehradun, UP. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 22(4), 251-261. - Oruonye, E. D., Ezekiel, B. B., Atiku, H. G., Baba, E., & Musa, N. I. (2016). Drainage basin morphometric parameters of River Lamurde: Implication for hydrologic and geomorphic processes. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 5(2), 1-11. - Perasad, G. (2009). Trends and techniques of geomorphology. Translated by Mehran Maghsoudi and Mohammad Taher Khani. Tehran: Selected Publications (in Persian). - Pitlick, J. (1994). Relation between peak flows, precipitation, and physiography for five mountainous regions in the western USA. Journal of Hydrology, 158(3-4), 219-240. - Raj, P. N., & Azeez, P. A. (2012). Morphometric analysis of a tropical medium river system: A case from Bharathapuzha River Southern India. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology, 2(4), 91-98. - Schumm, S. A. (1956). Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 67(5), 597-646. - Singh, V., & Singh, U. C. (2011). Basin Morphometry of Maingra River, district Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 1(4), 891-902. - Wang, G., Gertner, G., Fang, S., & Anderson, A. B. (2003). Mapping multiple variables for predicting soil loss by geostatistical methods with TM images and a slope map. Journal of Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(8), 889-898.

https://sppl.ui.ac.ir/article_26615_6d38fd5b81ceab2f7837a414dae54c87.pdf

University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 12 1 2022 04 21 Explaining the Sustainability of the Isfahan Livestock Industry Explaining the Sustainability of the Isfahan Livestock Industry 99 120 26550 10.22108/sppl.2022.130233.1607 FA Asghar Salehi Assistant Professor, Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran Parisa Karbasi MA, Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2021 08 24 Abstract Determining and implementing development programs, due to the weakness and inefficiency of systematic communication between different sectors of agricultural and livestock production with the capacity of natural resources (water and rangelands), processing industries, financial institutions, and distribution of inputs and livestock products in the country needs special focus and attention in order to identify the capacities, potentials, and interactions affecting the livestock industry. A systematic relationship between different sectors of production and supply in other countries has been established by using the connection of production flows, exports, and import terminals with the cooperation of powerful private sectors. The systematic localization of communication is essential for improving and creating sustainable development in the livestock industry of the province. Introduction Following the United Nations' declaration of decades of development in the early 1960s, the issue of development in developing countries has been at the forefront of the agenda of UN agencies and international development institutions. The concept of sustainable development reflects the undeniable fact that ecological considerations can and should be applied to economic activities. These considerations include the idea of creating a rational environment in which the claim of development to advance the quality of all aspects of life is challenged. Initially, several definitions of development were proposed to mean the improvement of social life. Thus, one of the major development challenges of the 1970s was tackling malnutrition and global hunger. There has not been much study in Iran regarding the structural and institutional factors affecting the sustainable development of the livestock industry. The situation is the same abroad. The studies have been mostly on the factors affecting the sustainable development of other sectors such as tourism, sustainable rural development, and so on. To fill the gap, this study aims to explain the sustainability of the Isfahan livestock industry. The general aim of the present study is to design appropriate and scientific planning for the improvement and development of livestock production in order to increase the productivity of livestock production and related industries in line with the optimal use of existing potentials and capabilities. Materials and Methods This research is survey research and questionnaires were designed to achieve the research objectives appropriate to the statistical population of the project. In addition, observational interview methods were used to obtain more information. To analyze the data and information, various methods of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses and network analysis of stakeholders using SPSS / PC+ software have been used. Results and Discussion Developing a sustainable development plan for the Isfahan livestock industry is a key step toward achieving the goals of livestock sub-sector development. This program with a comprehensive view and a special view of animal husbandry in the province with the headline of general land management policies, while emphasizing the growth of competitive production based on knowledge and productivity in the framework of a resilient economy and constructive interaction with the world, has been developed as the first sustainable development program. The results of the study indicated appropriate and scientific planning to improve and develop livestock production in order to increase the productivity of livestock, poultry, other poultry and bees based on existing upstream documents, macroeconomic policies of the country, and a comprehensive view of the requirements of sustainable development programs in the livestock industry Provinces. It can be concluded that the capacity of users to successfully adapt to various conditions, including financial resources, participatory networks, knowledge and information, infrastructure and technology, is currently weak Keywords: Sustainable Development, Animal Husbandry, Effective Factors, Potential, Isfahan Province. References - Anonymous (2010). Basic plan of Isfahan province. Isfahan: University of Science and Technology Press. - Anonymous (2014). Land use planning studies and strategic development document of Isfahan province Agriculture. Isfahan: University of Isfahan Publication. - Anonymous (2017). The plan of compiling the development documents of the cities of Isfahan province with the model of resistance economy–agriculture. Isfahan: University of Isfahan Publication. - Consulting Engineers (2001). Provincial Synthesis Studies of the Comprehensive Agricultural Development Plan of Isfahan Province. Isfahan: Institute of Agricultural Planning and Economics Research. - Consulting Engineers (1997). Comprehensive studies of agricultural revitalization and development and natural resources of Zayandehrud watersheds. Isfahan: Institute of Agricultural Planning and Economics Research. - Faghiri, H., Yusop, Z., Othman, M., & Krauss, S. E. 2019. Structural Analysis of Factors Affecting Dairy Cattle Industry Development in Malaysia. Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies, 1(1), 23-42. - Isfahan Jihad Agricultural Organization (2014). Agricultural Statistics of Isfahan Province. Isfahan. (n.p). - Ministry of Jihad Agriculture (2016). Agricultural Statistics of 2016. (n.p). - Ministry of Jihad Agriculture (2016). Investigating the production process of the country's products during 4 decades. (n.p). - Mirzaei, Sh., & Nouripour, M. (2014). Analysis of barriers to industrialization of animal husbandry: a case study of Qaleh Ganj city of Kerman province. Journal of Rural Research, 5(4), 705-736. - Radcliffe, M. (1994). Sustainable development. Translated by Hussein Nir. Tehran: Ministry of Agriculture, Publications of the Center for Agricultural Studies, Planning and Economics. - Saei, M., Shakeri, P., Salehi, A., & Rahmani, S. (2021). Factors Affecting the Sustainable Development of Animal Husbandry Industry in Rural Areas of North Kerman Province. Quarterly Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 10(3), 97- 112. - Sajjadpour, M., & Ahmadi Khoy, A. (2011). Conceptual Development and Components of the International Food Security Regime. Journal of Political Science, 6(4), 145-175. - Statistics Center of Iran (2014). General Agricultural Census of Isfahan Province. (n.p). Abstract Determining and implementing development programs, due to the weakness and inefficiency of systematic communication between different sectors of agricultural and livestock production with the capacity of natural resources (water and rangelands), processing industries, financial institutions, and distribution of inputs and livestock products in the country needs special focus and attention in order to identify the capacities, potentials, and interactions affecting the livestock industry. A systematic relationship between different sectors of production and supply in other countries has been established by using the connection of production flows, exports, and import terminals with the cooperation of powerful private sectors. The systematic localization of communication is essential for improving and creating sustainable development in the livestock industry of the province. Introduction Following the United Nations' declaration of decades of development in the early 1960s, the issue of development in developing countries has been at the forefront of the agenda of UN agencies and international development institutions. The concept of sustainable development reflects the undeniable fact that ecological considerations can and should be applied to economic activities. These considerations include the idea of creating a rational environment in which the claim of development to advance the quality of all aspects of life is challenged. Initially, several definitions of development were proposed to mean the improvement of social life. Thus, one of the major development challenges of the 1970s was tackling malnutrition and global hunger. There has not been much study in Iran regarding the structural and institutional factors affecting the sustainable development of the livestock industry. The situation is the same abroad. The studies have been mostly on the factors affecting the sustainable development of other sectors such as tourism, sustainable rural development, and so on. To fill the gap, this study aims to explain the sustainability of the Isfahan livestock industry. The general aim of the present study is to design appropriate and scientific planning for the improvement and development of livestock production in order to increase the productivity of livestock production and related industries in line with the optimal use of existing potentials and capabilities. Materials and Methods This research is survey research and questionnaires were designed to achieve the research objectives appropriate to the statistical population of the project. In addition, observational interview methods were used to obtain more information. To analyze the data and information, various methods of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses and network analysis of stakeholders using SPSS / PC+ software have been used. Results and Discussion Developing a sustainable development plan for the Isfahan livestock industry is a key step toward achieving the goals of livestock sub-sector development. This program with a comprehensive view and a special view of animal husbandry in the province with the headline of general land management policies, while emphasizing the growth of competitive production based on knowledge and productivity in the framework of a resilient economy and constructive interaction with the world, has been developed as the first sustainable development program. The results of the study indicated appropriate and scientific planning to improve and develop livestock production in order to increase the productivity of livestock, poultry, other poultry and bees based on existing upstream documents, macroeconomic policies of the country, and a comprehensive view of the requirements of sustainable development programs in the livestock industry Provinces. It can be concluded that the capacity of users to successfully adapt to various conditions, including financial resources, participatory networks, knowledge and information, infrastructure and technology, is currently weak Keywords: Sustainable Development, Animal Husbandry, Effective Factors, Potential, Isfahan Province. References - Anonymous (2010). Basic plan of Isfahan province. Isfahan: University of Science and Technology Press. - Anonymous (2014). Land use planning studies and strategic development document of Isfahan province Agriculture. Isfahan: University of Isfahan Publication. - Anonymous (2017). The plan of compiling the development documents of the cities of Isfahan province with the model of resistance economy–agriculture. Isfahan: University of Isfahan Publication. - Consulting Engineers (2001). Provincial Synthesis Studies of the Comprehensive Agricultural Development Plan of Isfahan Province. Isfahan: Institute of Agricultural Planning and Economics Research. - Consulting Engineers (1997). Comprehensive studies of agricultural revitalization and development and natural resources of Zayandehrud watersheds. Isfahan: Institute of Agricultural Planning and Economics Research. - Faghiri, H., Yusop, Z., Othman, M., & Krauss, S. E. 2019. Structural Analysis of Factors Affecting Dairy Cattle Industry Development in Malaysia. Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies, 1(1), 23-42. - Isfahan Jihad Agricultural Organization (2014). Agricultural Statistics of Isfahan Province. Isfahan. (n.p). - Ministry of Jihad Agriculture (2016). Agricultural Statistics of 2016. (n.p). - Ministry of Jihad Agriculture (2016). Investigating the production process of the country's products during 4 decades. (n.p). - Mirzaei, Sh., & Nouripour, M. (2014). Analysis of barriers to industrialization of animal husbandry: a case study of Qaleh Ganj city of Kerman province. Journal of Rural Research, 5(4), 705-736. - Radcliffe, M. (1994). Sustainable development. Translated by Hussein Nir. Tehran: Ministry of Agriculture, Publications of the Center for Agricultural Studies, Planning and Economics. - Saei, M., Shakeri, P., Salehi, A., & Rahmani, S. (2021). Factors Affecting the Sustainable Development of Animal Husbandry Industry in Rural Areas of North Kerman Province. Quarterly Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 10(3), 97- 112. - Sajjadpour, M., & Ahmadi Khoy, A. (2011). Conceptual Development and Components of the International Food Security Regime. Journal of Political Science, 6(4), 145-175. - Statistics Center of Iran (2014). General Agricultural Census of Isfahan Province. (n.p).

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University of Isfahan Spatial Planning 2228-7485 12 1 2022 04 21 The Role of Urban Design Qualities in Metro Stations Approaching Indigenous Patterns:(Case Imam Khomeini, Haft-e-Tir, and Enghelab Stations in Focus) The Role of Urban Design Qualities in Metro Stations Approaching Indigenous Patterns:(Case Imam Khomeini, Haft-e-Tir, and Enghelab Stations in Focus) 121 148 26572 10.22108/sppl.2022.125264.1539 FA Asghar Molaei Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2020 10 04 Abstract: Subway stations are one of the most popular public spaces in the Iranian big cities, which is accompanied by urban design low qualities. The urban design of knowledge, art, and profession is the organization of the environmental qualities of the urban and public domain of the subject. Considering low qualities in these modern spaces that are used by everyday people, the most important issue of the present research is constructed without reference to indigenous fields. Emphasis on indigenous patterns, in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the sustainability and desirability of these spaces. The development of urban-rural spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of contemporary large and populated cities. Construction and construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities such as Tehran. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to explain the status of the design of urban design in metro station spaces, with emphasis on indigenous patterns. The present study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical methodology and studies between the three areas of urban design and related qualities; subsurface development and metro station spaces; native architectural and urban design patterns. Therefore, after the design of the problem and terminology, the study of definitions and urban design qualities from the point of view of the experts and the addition and extraction of comprehensive urban design qualities was done with the article approach. Subsequently, in order to study Imam Khomeini, Seventh, and Revolution Square subway stations, they were studied and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the planning and design of metro station spaces should pay attention to the comprehensive design quality of the city. These qualities include identity recognition, environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, accessibility and accessibility, continuity and integrity, proportions and human scale, freedom, flexibility, Vitality, intuition and sensual richness, justice. The analysis of case examples, both in terms of both generic and indigenous patterns, has a low status and poor quality of urban design and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to the design qualities of a design based on native patterns can enhance their sustainability, utility, and humanity. Introduction Urban design is a science, art, and profession dealing with organizing the environmental qualities of urban and public areas. Paying attention to the vacuum of urban design qualities in these modern spaces that are used daily by people is the most important issue of the present study, which has been constructed without any connection with local contexts. By presenting this issue, the purpose of this study is to explain the position of urban design qualities in metro station spaces with an emphasis on local patterns. In the process of urban development, all aspects of environmental quality must be considered. In other words, strengthening or meeting one or more (private and public) needs and environmental quality should not lead to the weakening or loss of other environmental qualities. This is an issue common in contemporary projects. One-dimensional views of urban projects, such as a purely economic or traffic approach, will neglect the underlying features, undermine identity, and move in the opposite direction of sustainable development. The theme of this research is that, on the one hand, the development of urban infrastructures such as metro stations, especially in large cities and their centers, is a matter of certainty and these infrastructures in the dimensions of transportation, space, play an important role in the life of urban centers. But on the other hand, the construction of these spaces is often devoid of environmental qualities and less attention is paid to local patterns. The research hypothesis is that by accompanying and using local models in the planning and development of subsurface spaces, both goals can be achieved, namely the development of urban infrastructure, strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. Therefore, this study seeks solutions to use local patterns in the development of subsurface spaces and subway stations. Research Methods This study aims to analyze the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations. The study is conducted using a combined research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods). In this regard, the most important research question is: What is the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations? Also, the research sub-questions are: What are the qualities of urban design effective in the design of metro stations? What are the ways to apply these qualities with emphasis on indigenous patterns in subway stations? In this research, while analyzing the features and qualities of native patterns, the application of these patterns, related features, and qualities in the planning and design of contemporary underground spaces in our country are discussed and solutions and suggestions are presented. Therefore, while defining these concepts from the theorists’ point of view, we summarize and conclude these definitions, and then search for native patterns of architecture and urban planning for use in the planning and design of metro stations. Research Findings The results of the study show that in planning and designing metro station spaces, comprehensive qualities of urban design should be considered. These qualities include identity, legibility, environmental sustainability, social, cultural and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, pedestrianism and ease of access, cohesion and integration, human proportions and scale, freedom, flexibility, vitality, attractiveness and sensory richness, and justice. The analysis of case studies, both in terms of general qualities and indigenous patterns, indicates the low and weak position of urban design qualities and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to urban-design qualities with a focus on indigenous patterns can promote their sustainability, desirability, and humanity. Emphasis on indigenous patterns in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the stability and desirability of these spaces. The development of suburban urban spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of large and densely populated contemporary cities. The construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities like Tehran. From all these issues, it can be concluded that the role of subsurface spaces, including metro stations, in the sustainable development of cities, should be taken seriously and the comprehensive realization of environmental qualities should be considered by avoiding one-dimensional approaches in planning and designing these spaces. It can also be said that traditional Iranian indigenous buildings and collections such as Gudal Baghcheh, Shovadan, Cistern, the historical bazaar have valuable structural features (in terms of the form and function on architectural and urban scales) and can be a local model for the development of metro station spaces. Given that our country is on the verge of developing such spaces, paying attention to these points can play an important role in stabilizing cities and strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. These templates and design guides can be used in the planning and design of metro station complexes. Since the metro network is one of the most widely used underground spaces in large cities, the subsurface development in relation to metro stations and using the native patterns studied in this research can be useful and effective. Keywords: Urban Design Qualities, Metro Stations, Urban Underground Space, Indigenous Patterns, Tehran Metro. References - Alexander, C., & Chermayev, S. (1992). The book areas of collective and private life. Translated by Manouchehr Mozyani. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Appleyard, D., & Jacobs, A. (1987). Toward an urban design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1), 112-120. - . (2007). Charter of new urbanism. Translated by Alireza Danesh and Reza Basiri Mozhdehi. First Edition. , Tehran: Urban Planning and Processing Company Publications. - Bacon, E. (1997). Urban design. Translated by Farzaneh Taheri. First Edition. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Publications of the Center for Studies and Research and Urban Planning and Architecture. - Bahreini, S. H. (2003). Urban design process. Second Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press (in Persian). - Bentley, E., Alkak, A., Maureen, P., Somak, G., & Smith, G. (2003). Responding environments: Design handbook. Translated by Mostafa Behzadfar. First Edition. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology Publication. - Carmona, M. (2003). Public space urban space. New York: Architectural Press. - Carmona, M., De Magalhães, C., & Hammond, L. (2008). Public space: The management dimension. Routledge. - Cowan, R. (2006). Urban design guidance documents. Translated by Kourosh Golkar and Solmaz Hosseiniun. First Edition. Tehran: Islamic Publication. - Cowan, R., & Rogers, L. (2005). The dictionary of urbanism. Tisbury: Streetwise Press. - Gehl, J. (2005). Exterior spaces and outdoor activities, articles on sustainable urban development. Translated by Kianoosh Zakir Haghighi. Tehran: Urban Planning and Architecture Research Center Publication. - Golkar, K. (1999). Exploration in the definition of urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning and Research Center (in Persian). - Golkar, K. (2000). Constructive components of urban design quality. Soffeh Journal, 32, 38-65 (in Persian). - Guten, A. (1978). Urbanism in the service of man. Translated by Houshang Naghi. Tehran: National University of Iran Press (Shahid Beheshti). - Hashemi, S. (2013). The shine of civilization in the depths of the earth an overview of Iran's underground structures from the past to the present. First Edition. Tehran: Shadrang Publication (in Persian). - Jacobs, J. (2007). The life and death of American big cities. Translated by Hamid Reza Parsi and Arezoo Aflatouni. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Lang, J. (2007). Urban design, typology, procedures and designs with more than fifty special cases. Translated by Seyed Hossein Bahreini. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Lynch, K. (2005). Theory of city shape. Translated by Seyed Hossein Bahreini. Third Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Madani Pour, A. (2000). Urban space design: An attitude towards a social-spatial process. Translated by Farhad Mortezaei. Tehran: Urban Planning and Processing Company (in Persian). - Molaei, A. (2012). Sustainable urban development using underground spaces Development Approach-A case study: Tajrish square, Tehran. Journal of Tunneling and Underground Space Engineering, 1(1), 69-88 (in Persian). - Molaei, A. (2015). Development of urban underground spaces approaching to urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Armanshahr Publication (in Persian). - Molaei, A. (2019). Development of new strategic urban subsurface spaces in urban development. Journal of Urban Structure and Function, 18, 57-86 (in Persian). - Mozaffari, A., Hashemi, S., & Molaei, A. (2014). Analytical and comparative study of planning, legal and property considerations in the process of construction of underground spaces of the city. Journal of Tunnel Engineering and Underground Spaces, 3(2), 119-131 (in Persian). - Mumford, L. (2006). Culture of cities. Translated by Aref Aghvami Moghaddam. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Publications of the Center for Studies and Research and Urban Planning and Architecture. - Pakzad, J. (2006). Theoretical foundations and process of urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Shahidi Publication (in Persian). - Paumier, C. B. (2010). Creation of a vibrant urban center. Translated by Mostafa Behzadfar and Amir Shakibamanesh. First Edition. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology Publication. - Sterling, R., & Karmoudi, J. (2009). Designing underground spaces. Translated by Vahidreza Ebrahimi. First Edition. Mashhad: Marandiz Publication. - Tavassoli, M., & Bonyadi, N. (1992). Urban space design, urban spaces and their place in urban life and appearance. Tehran: Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center (in Persian). - Tehran and Suburbs Railway Company (1998). First stage studies of G-1 station, architecture and structure. Tehran: Bad Band Consulting Engineers Company. - Telford, T. (2000). By design, urban design in the planning system: Towards better practice. The Regions, Commission for Architecture, the Built Environment, Great Britain: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. - Tibalds, F. (2006). Popular urbanism: Improving the public environment in large and small cities. Translated by Hassan Ali Laghaei and Firoozeh Jadali. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Zite, C. (2006). Building a city based on artistic principles. Translated by Fereydoon Gharib. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press. Abstract: Subway stations are one of the most popular public spaces in the Iranian big cities, which is accompanied by urban design low qualities. The urban design of knowledge, art, and profession is the organization of the environmental qualities of the urban and public domain of the subject. Considering low qualities in these modern spaces that are used by everyday people, the most important issue of the present research is constructed without reference to indigenous fields. Emphasis on indigenous patterns, in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the sustainability and desirability of these spaces. The development of urban-rural spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of contemporary large and populated cities. Construction and construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities such as Tehran. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to explain the status of the design of urban design in metro station spaces, with emphasis on indigenous patterns. The present study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical methodology and studies between the three areas of urban design and related qualities; subsurface development and metro station spaces; native architectural and urban design patterns. Therefore, after the design of the problem and terminology, the study of definitions and urban design qualities from the point of view of the experts and the addition and extraction of comprehensive urban design qualities was done with the article approach. Subsequently, in order to study Imam Khomeini, Seventh, and Revolution Square subway stations, they were studied and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the planning and design of metro station spaces should pay attention to the comprehensive design quality of the city. These qualities include identity recognition, environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, accessibility and accessibility, continuity and integrity, proportions and human scale, freedom, flexibility, Vitality, intuition and sensual richness, justice. The analysis of case examples, both in terms of both generic and indigenous patterns, has a low status and poor quality of urban design and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to the design qualities of a design based on native patterns can enhance their sustainability, utility, and humanity. Introduction Urban design is a science, art, and profession dealing with organizing the environmental qualities of urban and public areas. Paying attention to the vacuum of urban design qualities in these modern spaces that are used daily by people is the most important issue of the present study, which has been constructed without any connection with local contexts. By presenting this issue, the purpose of this study is to explain the position of urban design qualities in metro station spaces with an emphasis on local patterns. In the process of urban development, all aspects of environmental quality must be considered. In other words, strengthening or meeting one or more (private and public) needs and environmental quality should not lead to the weakening or loss of other environmental qualities. This is an issue common in contemporary projects. One-dimensional views of urban projects, such as a purely economic or traffic approach, will neglect the underlying features, undermine identity, and move in the opposite direction of sustainable development. The theme of this research is that, on the one hand, the development of urban infrastructures such as metro stations, especially in large cities and their centers, is a matter of certainty and these infrastructures in the dimensions of transportation, space, play an important role in the life of urban centers. But on the other hand, the construction of these spaces is often devoid of environmental qualities and less attention is paid to local patterns. The research hypothesis is that by accompanying and using local models in the planning and development of subsurface spaces, both goals can be achieved, namely the development of urban infrastructure, strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. Therefore, this study seeks solutions to use local patterns in the development of subsurface spaces and subway stations. Research Methods This study aims to analyze the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations. The study is conducted using a combined research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods). In this regard, the most important research question is: What is the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations? Also, the research sub-questions are: What are the qualities of urban design effective in the design of metro stations? What are the ways to apply these qualities with emphasis on indigenous patterns in subway stations? In this research, while analyzing the features and qualities of native patterns, the application of these patterns, related features, and qualities in the planning and design of contemporary underground spaces in our country are discussed and solutions and suggestions are presented. Therefore, while defining these concepts from the theorists’ point of view, we summarize and conclude these definitions, and then search for native patterns of architecture and urban planning for use in the planning and design of metro stations. Research Findings The results of the study show that in planning and designing metro station spaces, comprehensive qualities of urban design should be considered. These qualities include identity, legibility, environmental sustainability, social, cultural and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, pedestrianism and ease of access, cohesion and integration, human proportions and scale, freedom, flexibility, vitality, attractiveness and sensory richness, and justice. The analysis of case studies, both in terms of general qualities and indigenous patterns, indicates the low and weak position of urban design qualities and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to urban-design qualities with a focus on indigenous patterns can promote their sustainability, desirability, and humanity. Emphasis on indigenous patterns in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the stability and desirability of these spaces. The development of suburban urban spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of large and densely populated contemporary cities. The construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities like Tehran. From all these issues, it can be concluded that the role of subsurface spaces, including metro stations, in the sustainable development of cities, should be taken seriously and the comprehensive realization of environmental qualities should be considered by avoiding one-dimensional approaches in planning and designing these spaces. It can also be said that traditional Iranian indigenous buildings and collections such as Gudal Baghcheh, Shovadan, Cistern, the historical bazaar have valuable structural features (in terms of the form and function on architectural and urban scales) and can be a local model for the development of metro station spaces. Given that our country is on the verge of developing such spaces, paying attention to these points can play an important role in stabilizing cities and strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. These templates and design guides can be used in the planning and design of metro station complexes. Since the metro network is one of the most widely used underground spaces in large cities, the subsurface development in relation to metro stations and using the native patterns studied in this research can be useful and effective. Keywords: Urban Design Qualities, Metro Stations, Urban Underground Space, Indigenous Patterns, Tehran Metro. References - Alexander, C., & Chermayev, S. (1992). The book areas of collective and private life. Translated by Manouchehr Mozyani. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Appleyard, D., & Jacobs, A. (1987). Toward an urban design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association, 53(1), 112-120. - . (2007). Charter of new urbanism. Translated by Alireza Danesh and Reza Basiri Mozhdehi. First Edition. , Tehran: Urban Planning and Processing Company Publications. - Bacon, E. (1997). Urban design. Translated by Farzaneh Taheri. First Edition. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Publications of the Center for Studies and Research and Urban Planning and Architecture. - Bahreini, S. H. (2003). Urban design process. Second Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press (in Persian). - Bentley, E., Alkak, A., Maureen, P., Somak, G., & Smith, G. (2003). Responding environments: Design handbook. Translated by Mostafa Behzadfar. First Edition. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology Publication. - Carmona, M. (2003). Public space urban space. New York: Architectural Press. - Carmona, M., De Magalhães, C., & Hammond, L. (2008). Public space: The management dimension. Routledge. - Cowan, R. (2006). Urban design guidance documents. Translated by Kourosh Golkar and Solmaz Hosseiniun. First Edition. Tehran: Islamic Publication. - Cowan, R., & Rogers, L. (2005). The dictionary of urbanism. Tisbury: Streetwise Press. - Gehl, J. (2005). Exterior spaces and outdoor activities, articles on sustainable urban development. Translated by Kianoosh Zakir Haghighi. Tehran: Urban Planning and Architecture Research Center Publication. - Golkar, K. (1999). Exploration in the definition of urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning and Research Center (in Persian). - Golkar, K. (2000). Constructive components of urban design quality. Soffeh Journal, 32, 38-65 (in Persian). - Guten, A. (1978). Urbanism in the service of man. Translated by Houshang Naghi. Tehran: National University of Iran Press (Shahid Beheshti). - Hashemi, S. (2013). The shine of civilization in the depths of the earth an overview of Iran's underground structures from the past to the present. First Edition. Tehran: Shadrang Publication (in Persian). - Jacobs, J. (2007). The life and death of American big cities. Translated by Hamid Reza Parsi and Arezoo Aflatouni. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Lang, J. (2007). Urban design, typology, procedures and designs with more than fifty special cases. Translated by Seyed Hossein Bahreini. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Lynch, K. (2005). Theory of city shape. Translated by Seyed Hossein Bahreini. Third Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Madani Pour, A. (2000). Urban space design: An attitude towards a social-spatial process. Translated by Farhad Mortezaei. Tehran: Urban Planning and Processing Company (in Persian). - Molaei, A. (2012). Sustainable urban development using underground spaces Development Approach-A case study: Tajrish square, Tehran. Journal of Tunneling and Underground Space Engineering, 1(1), 69-88 (in Persian). - Molaei, A. (2015). Development of urban underground spaces approaching to urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Armanshahr Publication (in Persian). - Molaei, A. (2019). Development of new strategic urban subsurface spaces in urban development. Journal of Urban Structure and Function, 18, 57-86 (in Persian). - Mozaffari, A., Hashemi, S., & Molaei, A. (2014). Analytical and comparative study of planning, legal and property considerations in the process of construction of underground spaces of the city. Journal of Tunnel Engineering and Underground Spaces, 3(2), 119-131 (in Persian). - Mumford, L. (2006). Culture of cities. Translated by Aref Aghvami Moghaddam. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Publications of the Center for Studies and Research and Urban Planning and Architecture. - Pakzad, J. (2006). Theoretical foundations and process of urban design. First Edition. Tehran: Shahidi Publication (in Persian). - Paumier, C. B. (2010). Creation of a vibrant urban center. Translated by Mostafa Behzadfar and Amir Shakibamanesh. First Edition. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology Publication. - Sterling, R., & Karmoudi, J. (2009). Designing underground spaces. Translated by Vahidreza Ebrahimi. First Edition. Mashhad: Marandiz Publication. - Tavassoli, M., & Bonyadi, N. (1992). Urban space design, urban spaces and their place in urban life and appearance. Tehran: Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center (in Persian). - Tehran and Suburbs Railway Company (1998). First stage studies of G-1 station, architecture and structure. Tehran: Bad Band Consulting Engineers Company. - Telford, T. (2000). By design, urban design in the planning system: Towards better practice. The Regions, Commission for Architecture, the Built Environment, Great Britain: Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. - Tibalds, F. (2006). Popular urbanism: Improving the public environment in large and small cities. Translated by Hassan Ali Laghaei and Firoozeh Jadali. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press. - Zite, C. (2006). Building a city based on artistic principles. Translated by Fereydoon Gharib. First Edition. Tehran: Tehran University Press.

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